A linguistically-driven response categorisation protocol for Arabic nouns and verbs: clinical and research applications

Figures & data

Table 1. Background information of participants with aphasia as reported by their speech and language therapists.

Participant code name	Sex	Age	Dialect	Education (in years)	L1	L2	Hemiplegia	Etiology
GA1	F	60	Gulf Arabic	12	Arabic	NA	Right side	CVA
GA2	F	62	Gulf Arabic	Illiterate	Arabic	NA	Right side	CVA
GA3	M	58	Gulf Arabic	16	Arabic	NA	Right side	CVA
GA4	F	29	Gulf Arabic	12	Arabic	English	Right side	CVA
GA5	M	84	Gulf Arabic	18	Arabic	English	Right side	CVA
GA8	M	51	Gulf Arabic	16	Arabic	English	Right side	CVA
GA12	F	76	Gulf Arabic	Illiterate	Arabic	NA	Right side	CVA
GA13	M	53	Gulf Arabic	16	Arabic	English	Right side	CVA

Table 2. Category types adapted during the First cycle.

Category types	Description
A. Single word level coding
Single Noun and Verb Lexical Error Patterns
1.1 Correct response	The target response is produced correctly
1.2 Visual error	The response is visually related to the target
1.3 Semantic error	The response is semantically related to the target
1.4 Phonological error	The response is phonologically related to the target
1.5 Unrelated error	The response is completely unrelated to the target
1.6 Other error	The response type does not fit any of the previous category types
1.7 Tip of Tongue	Indication of knowing the object/action but cannot produce it
1.8 Unknown	Indication of not knowing the object/action and cannot produce it
1.9 No response	Failure to respond to the presented stimulus
Morpho-syntactic Errors in Single Nouns & Morpho-syntactic Errors in Single Verbs
2.1 Correct response	The target response is produced correctly in its morpho-syntactic form
2.2 Incorrect gender	The response is produced with a different gender form to the target
2.3 Incorrect number	The response is produced with a different number form to the target
2.4 Incorrect person	The response is produced with a different person form to the target
2.5 Morpho-phonological errors in the consonantal root	There is a morpho-phonological error in the consonantal root.
2.6 Morpho-phonological error in Nouns	The target noun is produced with a morpho-phonological error
2.7 Morpho-phonological error in Verbs	The target verb is produced with a morpho-phonological error
2.8 Other error	The response type does not fit any of the previous category types
2.9 No response	Failure to respond to the presented stimulus
B. Phrase level coding
Noun-Adjective agreement errors
1.1 Correct response	The target phrase is produced correctly.
1.2 Morphosyntactic errors	There is a number/gender/person disagreement on the head or the modifier
1.3 Other response	The response type does not fit any of the previous category types
1.4 No response	Failure to respond to the presented stimulus
Verb agreement errors
2.1 Correct response	The target phrase is produced correctly.
2.2 Morphosyntactic errors	There is a gender/person/tense/number disagreement on the subject or verb
2.3 Other error	The response type does not fit any of the previous category types
2.4 No response	Failure to respond to the presented stimulus

Table 3. Overall results for healthy and aphasic groups.

Task (total items)	Aphasic group (n = 8) Accuracy mean (%)	Healthy group (n = 51) Accuracy mean (%)
Picture naming (44)	23.9 (54.3%)	42.5 (97%)
Objects (24)	12.1 (50%)	23.1 (96%)
Actions (20)	11.8 (59%)	19.4 (97%)
Reading (99)	74.4 (75%)
Simple words (32)	26.7 (83.4%)
Morphologically complex words (32)	22.8 (71.2%)
Function words (20)	15.7 (78.5%)
Non-words (15)	9.2 (61.3%)
Repetition (55)	47.5 (86.3%)
Simple words (20)	18.4 (92%)
Morphologically complex words (20)	18.4 (92%)
Non-words (15)	10.7 (71.3%)
Recitation of Al Fatiha verse (15)	13.9 (92.7%)

Table 4. Reliability scores (correlations between the interraters per participants).

Task	Healthy group sample
A. Picture-naming	C2	C5	C14	C23	C38	C43	C47	C48	C49	C51
Object naming	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Action naming	1.000	1.000	.892	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Task	Aphasic group
A. Picture-naming	GA1	GA2	GA3	GA4	GA5	GA8	GA12	GA13
Object naming	.993	.975	.971	.967	1.000	.999	.771	.916
Action naming	.835	.874	.999	.830	1.000	1.000	1.000	.999
B. Reading	GA1	GA2	GA3	GA4	GA5	GA8	GA12	GA13
Simple word reading	.999	NA	.783	1.000	.953	.882	NA	1.000
Morphologically complex word reading	.969	NA	.782	.556	.823	.942	NA	.925
Function word reading	.948	NA	1.000	.815	1.000	1.000	NA	.999
Non-word reading	.999	NA	1.000	.698	.999	.935	NA	1.000
C. Repetition	GA1	GA2	GA3	GA4	GA5	GA8	GA12	GA13
Simple word repetition	.622	1.000	.975	1.000	1.000	.552	.909	1.000
Morphologically complex word repetition	.767	1.000	.983	1.000	1.000	.975	.975	1.000
Non-word repetition	.999	1.000	.859	.798	.644	.933	.845	.649
D. Al Fatiha recitation	GA1	GA2	GA3	GA4	GA5	GA8	GA12	GA13
	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	.785	1.000