Perception of grammatical tone in Akan patients with left and right hemisphere brain damage

Figures & data

Table

(1a)	Papa	no	twèrέ	lέtὲ
	Man	the	write-HAB	letter.
	‘The man writes letter(s)’

Table

(1b)	Papa	no	twèrὲὲ	lέtὲ
	Man	the	write:PAST	letter
	‘The man wrote letter(s)’

Figure 1. Example of the Linguistic task, with the target sentence ‘the man ate the orange’. © University of Groningen.

Table

(2)	Experimenter	Pàpá	nó	hwànèè	ànkáá	nó
		Man	the	peel:PAST	orange	the
		The man peeled the orange.

Figure 2. Percent mean accuracy scores per task (LT = Linguistic task; NON_LT = Non-linguistic task) per group of participants, including standard error bars.

Table 1. Percentage of accuracy scores on non-/linguistic tone discrimination task.

Groups	Grammatical tone	Pure Tone
LHD1	56*	98
LHD2	71*	90*
LHD3	59*	92*
LHD4	53*	72*
LHD5	65*	90*
LHD6	59*	96
Mean (SD)	61 (6.77)	90 (9.51)
RHD1	78*	75*
RHD2	69*	80*
RHD3	66*	71*
RHD4	69*	53*
RHD5	75*	96
RHD6	78*	93*
Mean (SD)	72 (5.38)	78 (15.77)
NBD Mean (SD)	96 (2.9)	97 (1.96)
(range)	88–100	95–100

LHD = left hemisphere damage; RHD = right hemisphere damage; NBD = non-brain damage; SD = standard deviation; *outside the range of NBD.

Figure 3. Percent mean accuracy scores on present habitual and past verbs per group of participants, including error bars.

Table

Participants	Age	Gender	Handed-ness	Education (years)	Months POS	Etiology/Lesion site	Hemi- plegia
Agrammatic speakers
LHD1	69	M	Right	13	24	CVA Left temporo-parietal	none
LHD2	37	M	Right	16	7	Left fronto-parietal infarct	right
LHD3	19	F	Right	12	7	iCVA Acute left-fronto-parietal-occipital infarct	right
LHD4	49	M	Right	10	25	CVA Left middle cerebral artery	none
LHD5	76	F	Right	16	12	hCVA left	right
LHD6	67	F	Right	10	7	hCVA left	right
RHD1	53	M	Right	12	3	hCVA right temporoparietal	left
RHD2	34	M	Right	9	3	Acute right temporoparietal	left
RHD3	40	F	Right	10	36	hCVA right	left
RHD4	61	M	Right	12	5	hCVA right	left
RHD5	67	M	Ambidex	12	24	Right left middle cerebral artery	left
RHD6	63	M	Right	18	29	CVA right temporo-occipital region	none
Non-brain-damaged participants
NBD1	45	F	Right	9
NBD2	35	F	Right	9
NBD3	52	F	Right	16
NBD4	44	M	Right	16
NBD5	71	F	Right	16
NBD6	37	M	Right	12
NBD7	63	M	Right	16
NBD8	48	M	Right	16
NBD9	58	M	Right	12
NBD10	58	F	Right	9

POS = post onset of stroke.