Effect of cognitive bias modification-memory on depressive symptoms and autobiographical memory bias: two independent studies in high-ruminating and dysphoric samples

Figures & data

Table 1. Percentages or means (Standard Deviations) on demographic and assessment measures including baseline group comparisons.

	Training condition
	Positive	Neutral
Study 1	(n = 51)	(n = 50)	t(99) =
Gender, % female	72%	70%	χ^2(1) = 2.82, p = .093
Age, years	23 (4.8)	22 (6.2)	0.14, p = .893
BAI	10.6 (8.7)	10.7 (8.1)	0.72, p = .975
MRSI: S1 Baseline	23.9 (6.3)	25.2 (6.6)	0.58, p = .335
S1 Post-training	22.4 (5.9)	22.8 (6.8)
S2 Follow-up	22.3 (6.4)	22.4 (5.9)
BDI-II:  S1 Baseline	10.2 (8.5)	11.8 (9.2)	0.43, p = .353
S2 Follow-up	10.1 (8.1)	13.1 (9.1)
RRS:  S1 Baseline	52.2 (12.3)	55.4 (13.2)	0.95, p = .211
S2 Follow-up	50.7 (10.4)	53.2 (14.0)
Study 2	(n = 46)	(n = 54)	t(98) =
Gender, % female	90%	78%	χ^2(1) = 0.02, p = .880
Age, years	19 (1.4)	19 (1.2)	0.85, p = .948
BAI	16.6 (9.1)	18.7 (8.5)	0.93, p = .236
MRSI: S1 Baseline	32.1 (6.2)	33.1 (7.2)	0.42, p = .509
S1 Post-training	39.0 (6.6)	38.0 (7.9)
S2 Follow-up	29.2 (6.3)	28.4 (8.9)
BDI-II:  S1 Baseline	22.1 (7.4)	22.5 (7.5)	0.83, p = .804
S2 Follow-up	20.9 (9.4)	20.8 (9.6)
RRS:  S1 Baseline	54.9 (10.3)	56.1 (11.0)	0.58, p = .566
S2 Follow-up	51.5 (10.9)	52.4 (11.3)

Note: BAI refers to the Beck Anxiety inventory, MRSI to the score on the Momentary Ruminative Self-Focus Inventory, BDI-II refers to the score on the Beck Depression Inventory, RRS to the total score on the Ruminative Response Scale. S1 refers to Session 1, S2 refers to Session 2.

Figure 1. Schematic overview of the experiment. Studies 1 and 2 were identical. Pairs consisted of Swahili cues and English translations as targets with positive, neutral, or negative meaning.

Figure 2. Negative and positive mood ratings throughout the two study sessions, presented separately for Study 1 and Study 2. Error bars represent one SE

Note: S1 refers to Session 1, S2 refers to Session 2.

Figure 3. Number of translations recalled on the immediate and the delayed test in Study 1 and Study 2. Error bars represent one SE.

Figure 4. Valence of recent event in autobiographical memory test depending on bias at baseline and condition, presented separately for Study 1 and Study 2. Error bars represent one SE.