Emotional metacognition: stimulus valence modulates cardiac arousal and metamemory

ABSTRACT

Emotion alters how we feel, see, and experience the world. In the domain of memory, the emotional valence and arousal of memorised stimuli can modulate both the acuity and content of episodic recall. However, no experiment has investigated whether arousal and valence also influence metacognition for memory (i.e. the process of self-monitoring memories). In a pre-registered study, we applied a novel psychophysiological design together with computational models of metacognition to assess the influence of stimulus valence and arousal on the sensitivity, bias, and efficiency of metamemory. To estimate the role of physiological arousal in mediating these effects, we recorded cardiac measures through pulse oximetry. We found that negative valence substantially decreased both memory performance and subjective confidence, in particular for low arousal words. Simultaneously, we found that emotional valence modulated both heart rate and heart-rate variability (HRV) during recognition memory. Exploratory trial-level analyses further revealed that subjective confidence was encoded in instantaneous heart-rate fluctuations and that this relationship was also modulated by emotional valence. Our results demonstrate that recognition memory and metacognition are influenced by the emotional valence of encoded items and that this correlation is in part related to cardiac activity.

KEYWORDS:

• Emotion
• arousal
• heart rate variability
• metacognition
• memory

Acknowledgements

N. L., C. M. C. C., N. K. M., N. N., and M. A. are supported by a Lundbeckfonden Fellowship (under Grant [R272-2017-4345]), and the AIAS-COFUND II fellowship programme that is supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (under Grant [754513]), and the Aarhus University Research Foundation.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The project pre-registration can be found at the following link: https://osf.io/9awtb. All behavioural and physiological data can be found at: https://osf.io/pefnr/.

Additional information

Funding

N. L., C. M. C. C., N. K. M., N. N., and M. A. are supported by a Lundbeckfonden Fellowship [grant number R272-2017-4345], and the AIAS-COFUND II fellowship programme that is supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 [grant number 754513], and the Aarhus University Research Foundation.