The Effect of Pedagogical Approach on Physical Activity of Girls During Physical Education

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of unit interventions.

Invasion Game Sense Unit (Ref: Breed & Spittle (2021) Ch. 7–8).
Lesson Focus (Learning)	Example Content	Key Questions/Themes
Lesson 1. Understanding invasion games. Keeping possession.	Introduction to invasion game sense. End-zone (end-to-end). 2v1 keeping off. End-zone (half-court).	Similarities of invasion sports? How do turnovers relate to scoring? When to pass? Where to run? When to run?
Lesson 2. Keeping possession. When to pass. How to pass.	2v1 keeping off. Gauntlet (2v1). Rebound ball (half-court). Rebound ball (end-to-end continuous).	Importance of keeping possession? When to pass? How to pass? When to shoot or pass?
Lesson 3. Concept of space. Where to run. How to create space.	2v1 Gauntlet. 2v1 Gauntlet with rebound. 3v1/3v2/3v3 End-zone (half-court).	What is space? How to create space? When to pass? Where to pass? How to pass? When to pass vs dribble?
Lesson 4. When to pass, run/dribble or shoot?	4 corners. 4v2 Keeping off. Rebound ball (half-court).	How to create space? When to pass? When should you shoot? When should you run/dribble?
Lesson 5. Moving into space. Decision-making with the ball.	4 corners. King pin. Guard the pins (half-court). Guard the pints (end-to-end).	How to create space? How do we keep possession? Why is this important? When to pass, dribble or shoot?
Lesson 6. Decision-making with the ball. Creating team strategies.	King pin. 2v1 keeping off. The mixed bag.	What type of passes are best? When should you shoot? How were all the games similar? What worked well?
Lesson 7. Transfer of technical and tactical skills. Game similarities.	4v2 Keeping off. End zone (half-court). The mixed bag. Conclusion and review.	What skills have transferred between games? How is each game similar in tactics? What key strategies are similar?
Technical Sport Unit
Lesson Focus (Learning)	Example Content	Key Teaching Points/Themes
Lesson 1. Netball. Catching a netball. Performing a chest pass. Footwork rule.	Dodge and steal (W-up). Aussie Diamonds (pair pass). Fast Aussie Diamonds (4’s pass). Diamond netball (diamond pass). 3v3 Endzone netball.	Evasive skill technique (dodge). Stationary catch (eyes on ball, hands ready, “give”/bring to chest). Chest pass (thumbs behind ball, step forwards, extend). Footwork rule/pivot foot.
Lesson 2. Netball. Shoulder pass. Maintain possession. Contact, obstruction rules. Court positions.	Pairs netball scramble (W-up). Aussie Diamonds (shoulder pass). Fast Aussie Diamonds (shoulder pass). 4 corners. Goal circle ball (half-court).	Revision of chest pass, catch and footwork. Shoulder pass (step opposite foot, ball behind shoulder, follow through). Defend 1 m from ball carrier.
Lesson 3. Netball. Bounce pass. Shooting. Netball positions and restarting game from center.	Passing increase the distance (W-up). Fast Aussie Diamonds. 30-sec bounce pass game. Hoop shooter. Goal sharpshooter.	Shoulder pass revision. Bounce pass (step, push ball forward and downward, release at hip, bounce 2/3 away). BEEF shooting acronym (balance, eyes, elbow, follow through).
Lesson 4. Basketball. Passing with chest, bounce and overhead. Catching. Jump stop/triple threat. Dribbling.	Shooting vs bounce pass (W-up). Jump stop, stride stop, triple threat with/out ball. Stationary dribble. Traffic light dribble. End-zone b/ball (half-court).	Revision of passing from netball. Revision of BEEF shooting. Jump stop (catch then land on two-feet). Stride stop (one-two step). Triple threat (protect ball). Travel rule (pivot foot).
Lesson 5. Basketball. Passing accurately. Shooting.	Follow the leader dribble (W-up). Slalom dribble relay. Partner passing. Jump stop, pivot, pass. Shooting into hoop, then ring. Numbers b/ball.	Revision of dribbling. Rules—travel, double dribble (using 2-hands on ball). BEEF shooting acronym (using legs for power). Fouls (e.g., contact).
Lesson 6. Basketball. Running shot (lay-up). Maintaining possession. Restarting game from stop plays (e.g., score, foul).	Jump stop shooting (W-up). Lay-up technique with/out shot. 4v2 b/ball. 3v3 b/ball half-court.	Lay-up (1–2-jump, opposite leg to arm, leg drive, extension, release, aim for top of square). Jump ball rule. Foul (take from sideline).
Lesson 7. Netball and basketball. Evasion. Lead and create space.	Lay-up bowls (W-up). Dodging zig-zag drill. Escape game. Dodge and receive 1v1 in square. 3v3 b/ball. Half-court netball.	Revision of lay-up. Dodge (push off outside foot, lower body, turn hips to direction of travel). Moving into space then calling for ball. Similarities between netball and basketball.

Table 2. GPS speed zones.

Zone	Definition	m/s	km/h
1.	Recovery	<0.6	<2.2
2.	Walk/Adjust	0.6–1.7	2.2–6.1
3.	Jog	1.7–2.8	6.1–10
4.	Run	2.8–3.9	10–14
5.	High-speed run	3.9+	14+

Table 3. Physical activity outcomes for intervention groups across each lesson.

	Traditional (TA) (N = 13)				Game sense (GS) (N = 14)
	M ± SD	Lesson 3	Lesson4	Lesson 5	M ± SD	Lesson 3	Lesson 4	Lesson 5
Distance (m)[*,^]	159 ± 33	1538 ± 189^a	1621 ± 31^b	1627 ± 101	1799 ± 32	1848 ± 152	1817 ± 168	1731 ± 40^3G
Time (mins)	63.3	62.5	65	62.5	63.3	62.5	65	62.5
Work rate (m/min)[*,^]	25 ± 1	24 ± 3^a	25 ± 2^b	26 ± 2	28 ± 1	29 ± 2	28 ± 3	28 ± 3^3G
Zone 1 (m)[#,^]	697 ± 12	688 ± 47^1T	736 ± 45^2T	677 ± 28^c	719 ± 11	687 ± 49	713 ± 48	757 ± 70^3G
Zone 2 (m)[*,#]	599 ± 24	608 ± 163^a	607 ± 57^b	582 ± 43^c	789 ± 23	814 ± 33	822 ± 128^2G	732 ± 26^3G
Zone 3 (m)[^]	227 ± 12	176 ± 39^a	219 ± 55^2T	285 ± 50^c,3T	237 ± 11	276 ± 75	239 ± 55	198 ± 58^3G
Zone 4 (m)[^]	64 ± 7	58 ± 26	60 ± 32	74 ± 38	48 ± 7	62 ± 34	41 ± 27	42 ± 29^3G
Zone 5 (m)	9 ± 2	8 ± 8	9 ± 10	9 ± 10	5 ± 2	9 ± 4	3 ± 4	3 ± 4
Top speed (m/s)	4.7 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.7	4.6 ± 0.9	4.8 ± 0.9	4.4 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 1.2	4.1 ± 0.5	4.2 ± 0.6
3D load[*,#]	186 ± 7	182 ± 27	195 ± 29	181 ± 30	206 ± 7	211 ± 25	213 ± 27	194 ± 28

% = Median and interquartile range given; *= pedagogical intervention effect; #= session effect; ^= interaction effect; a = between-group comparison between traditional and game-sense approach on session 1; b = between-group comparison between traditional and game-sense approach on session 2; c = between-group comparison between traditional and game-sense approach on session 3; 1T = within group comparison between session 1 and session 2 (Traditional group); 2T = within group comparison between session 2 and session 3 (Traditional group); 3T = within group comparison between session 1 and session 3 (Traditional group); 1 G = within group comparison between session 1 and session 2 (Game-sense group); 2 G = within group comparison between session 2 and session 3 (Game-sense group); 3 G = within group comparison between session 1 and session 3 (Game-sense group).

Figure 1. Comparison of time-motion variables between Technical Approach (TA) and Game Sense (GS) interventions.

Figure 2. Comparison between interventions across lessons on distance covered in each activity zone.

Breed, R., Lindsay, R., Kittel, A., & Spittle, M. (2024). Content and quality of comparative tactical game-centered approaches in physical education: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543241227236

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