Effects of landscape factors and hydroperiod on aquatic macroinvertebrates with different dispersal strategies in southern Brazil ponds

Figures & data

Figure 1. Wetlands sampled in the coastline of Lagoa do Peixe National Park (LPNP), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

Table 1. Physical and chemical variables (mean ± standard deviation) of 14 ponds studied during the four seasons in southern Brazil. The pond 13 was measured only in spring.

Pond	Depth (cm)	Temperature (°C)	EC (mS/cm)	pH	DO (mg/L)	Turbidity (NTU)	Salinity (%)	TDS (g/L)	ORP (mV)
1	11	19.4 ± 4.6	19.5 ± 0.9	6.4 ± 0.1	7.9 ± 2.3	18.5 ± 7.5	0.007 ± 0.006	0.12 ± 0.04	226.4 ± 111
2	51.4	20.4 ± 4.0	12.9 ± 0.8	6.4 ± 0.2	8.7 ± 0.7	21.6 ± 22.6	0.001 ±0.003	0.08 ± 0.01	280.6 ± 77.3
3	45.2	21.2 ± 3.4	11.4 ± 0.8	6.4 ± 0.2	9.6 ± 1.7	6.1 ± 8.7	0.000 ± 0.000	0.08 ± 0.01	266.6 ± 85.2
4	26.7	21.4 ± 2.6	12.2 ± 2.8	6.8 ± 0.3	9.9 ± 0.7	10.0 ± 6.1	0.003 ± 0.003	0.08 ± 0.02	298.2 ± 41.0
5	20	20.4 ± 2.6	13.8 ± 3.9	7.0 ± 0.3	10.4 ± 1.0	24.0 ± 28.3	0.005 ± 0.007	0.09 ± 0.03	321.5 ± 59.4
6	40.4	22.1 ± 3.1	10.9 ± 1.7	6.5 ± 0.2	9.5 ± 0.7	63.4 ± 70.3	0.001 ± 0.002	0.07 ± 0.01	270.2 ± 61.1
7	24.1	21.4 ± 2.7	8.6 ± 6.6	6.1 ± 0.2	9.3 ± 1.4	63.5 ± 17.1	0.006 ± 0.005	0.08 ± 0.03	215.3 ± 88.4
8	33.9	21.5 ± 3.3	18.0 ± 2.2	6.0 ± 0.2	8.3 ± 1.0	40.7 ± 38.8	0.010 ± 0.000	0.12 ± 0.02	203.1 ± 114
9	50	22.3 ± 5.3	16.3 ± 3.7	6.0 ± 0.2	8.6 ± 1.3	64.2 ± 109	0.006 ± 0.005	0.11 ± 0.03	221.8 ± 92.1
10	25	22.1 ± 5.9	14.7 ± 6.5	6.1 ± 0.3	8.4 ± 1.6	76.4 ± 77.9	0.005 ± 0.006	0.09 ± 0.03	240.9 ± 42.8
11	31.7	21.4 ± 4.8	14.4 ± 3.6	6.2 ± 0.1	7.9 ± 0.6	142 ± 228	0.007 ± 0.006	0.09 ± 0.02	197 ± 103
12	70	23.7 ± 5.4	12.9 ± 1.4	6.4 ± 0.1	9.9 ± 1.7	12.9 ± 7.9	0.002 ± 0.005	0.07 ± 0.02	251 ± 100
13	22.7	21.1	0.3	6.5	9.9	1	0.185	2.15	274.5
14	35	23.9 ± 5.9	22.6 ± 17.5	6.7 ± 0.6	10.5 ± 1.6	23.4 ± 35.5	0.013 ± 0.005	0.17 ± 0.07	256.1 ± 102

Note: EC = electrical conductivity; DO = dissolved oxygen; TDS = total dissolved solids, and ORP = oxidation reduction potential.

Table 2. Total abundance, relative abundance (%), and frequency of occurrence (%) of macroinvertebrate taxa in ponds sampled in the coastline of Lagoa do Peixe National Park (LPNP), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

		Taxa			Ponds (%)
Class	Order	Non-flying macroinvertebrates	Total abundance	Relative abundance (%)	Permanent	Intermittent	Total
Malacostraca	Amphipoda	Dogielinotidae	12,186	59.7	100	80	92.9
	Isopoda	Janiridae	2	0.01	11.1	20	14.3
		Sphaeromatidae	1	0.00004	11.1	0	7.1
Gastropoda	Mesogastropoda	Hydrobiidae	3964	19.4	11.1	0	7.1
		Ampullaridae	646	3.2	55.6	80	64.3
	Pulmonata	Planorbidae	258	1.3	100	80	92.9
		Physidae	102	0.5	33.3	0	21.4
Arachnida	Acariformes	Acarina	1188	5.8	100	80	92.9
		Hydracarina	170	0.8	77.8	40	64.3
Hirudinea	Rhynchobdellida	Glossiphoniidae	678	3.3	100	60	85.7
	Arhynchobdellida	Hirudinidae	177	0.9	88.9	40	71.4
Turbellaria	Tricladida	Dugesiidae	555	2.7	77.8	40	64.3
Oligochaeta	Tubificida		282	1.4	88.9	80	85.7
Bivalvia	Veneroida	Sphaeriidae	194	1	33.3	40	35.7
		Total	20,403	100
		Flying macroinvertebrates
Insecta	Diptera	Chironomidae	7785	53.1	100	100	100
		Ephydridae	1113	7.6	44.4	20	35.7
		Tabanidae	230	1.6	55.6	80	64.3
		Culicidae	153	1	55.6	0	35.7
		Ceratopogonidae	49	0.3	66.7	40	57.1
		Tipulidae	38	0.3	55.6	60	57.1
		Thaumaleidae	20	0.1	22.2	20	21.4
		Stratiomyidae	13	0.1	33.3	0	21.4
		Dolichopodidae	9	0.1	11.1	20	14.3
		Sciomyzidae	2	0.01	11.1	20	14.3
	Trichoptera	Hydroptilidae	1456	9.9	100	60	85.7
		Polycentropodidae	168	1.1	44.4	0	28.6
		Leptoceridae	13	0.1	55.6	0	35.7
	Ephemeroptera	Caenidae	726	5	100	60	85.7
		Baetidae	375	2.6	100	60	85.7
	Odonata	Libellulidae	425	2.9	100	60	85.7
		Coenagrionidae	312	2.1	100	60	85.7
		Aeshnidae	46	0.3	66.7	40	57.1
		Lestidae	5	0.03	11.1	0	7.1
		Gomphidae	2	0.01	11.1	0	7.1
	Coleoptera	Dytiscidae	385	2.6	100	60	85.7
		Hydrophilidae	292	2.0	100	80	92.9
		Noteridae	160	1.1	77.8	60	71.4
		Staphilinidae	69	0.5	22.2	40	28.6
		Curcullionidae	68	0.5	88.9	60	78.6
		Elmidae	26	0.2	33.3	20	28.6
		Haliplidae	23	0.2	33.3	0	21.4
		Scirtidae	4	0.03	22.2	20	21.4
		Dryopidae	2	0.01	11.1	0	7.1
		Limnichidae	1	0.01	11.1	0	7.1
		Scarabaeidae	1	0.01	0	20	7.1
	Hemiptera	Pleidae	204	1.4	33.3	0	21.4
		Belostomatidae	92	0.6	77.8	40	64.3
		Corixidae	87	0.6	100	60	85.7
		Naucoridae	60	0.4	66.7	20	50
		Mesovellidae	50	0.3	33.3	20	28.6
		Veliidae	33	0.2	55.6	40	50
		Gelastocoridae	13	0.1	44.4	20	35.7
		Nepidae	6	0.04	33.3	0	21.4
		Notonectidae	6	0.04	33.3	0	21.4
		Hebridae	3	0.02	11.1	0	7.1
	Lepidoptera	Pyralidae	132	0.9	100	40	78.6
		Total	14,657	100

Table 3. Pond area, habitat diversity, isolation, hydroperiod, and macroinvertebrate (total, flying and non-flying) richness and abundance in permanent and intermittent ponds sampled in the coastline of Lagoa do Peixe National Park (LPNP), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, over the annual seasons.

						Macroinvertebrate richness						Macroinvertebrate abundance
	Season	Pond	Area (m^2)	Habitat diversity	Isolation (m)	Total	Rarefied	Flying	Rarefied	Non-flying	Rarefied	Total	Flying	Non-flying
Permanent
	Su, A, W, Sp	2	1680	4	104	38	16.9	27	12.3	11	2.3	8518	1712	6806
	Su, A, W, Sp	3	795	2	74	38	21.2	32	15.7	6	1.6	3162	2661	501
	Su, A, W, Sp	6	175	2	56	30	14.2	21	8.1	9	2.4	5293	3958	1335
	Su, A, W, Sp	7	700	2	25	35	15.3	23	9.5	12	1.8	3078	1141	1937
	Su, A, W, Sp	8	180	2	25	33	20.9	25	15.7	8	2.0	1293	609	684
	Su, A, W, Sp	9	120	2	30	21	14.2	14	9.3	7	1.4	1176	475	701
	Su, A, W, Sp	10	1078	2	30	33	13.4	23	12.7	10	1.2	3425	856	2569
	Su, A, W, Sp	12	228	1	400	27	14.6	18	12.4	9	1.9	3013	535	2478
	Su, A, W, Sp	14	1800	1	50	26	11.8	18	18.0	8	2.1	1076	85	991
Intermittent
	Sp, Su, W	1	152	2	423	20	9.9	15	4.9	5	2.3	1214	1120	94
	Sp, A, W	4	1200	2	140	30	19.4	21	11.1	9	2.5	963	818	145
	Sp, W	5	240	2	85	8	7.9	6	4.1	2	2.0	151	147	4
	Sp, Su, W	11	2431	3	15	32	17.9	21	15.6	11	1.5	2551	410	2141
	Sp	13	1650	1	59	7	7.0	2	1.9	5	2.7	147	130	17

Note: Sp = spring (October 2007); Su = summer (December 2007); A = autumn (May 2008); W = winter (August 2008).

Figure 2. (a) Total macroinvertebrate dissimilarity of permanent (squares) and intermittent (circles) ponds, (b) flying macroinvertebrate dissimilarity of permanent (squares) and intermittent (circles) ponds, and (c) non-flying macroinvertebrate dissimilarity of permanent (squares) and intermittent (circles) ponds.