Eye Make-up Products and Dry Eye Disease: A Mini Review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Anatomy of internal and external parts of eye and periorbital area, and points for eye makeup along with the artificial eyelash, adhesive and remover.

Table 1. Changes in bacterial flora on human ocular surface of non-DED and DED subjects

Subjects	Sampling	Detection method	Non-DED vs. DED
n = 66 (Non-DED) and n = 12 (DED)	Conjunctiva	Culture-based	Staphylococcus epidermidis (type VI), Micrococcus and Diphtheroids were absent in DED compared to non-DED	Seal et al ^Citation72
n = 16 (Non-DED) and n = 12 (DED)	Swab: Posterior lid margin and inferior conjunctival sac; Impression cytology: bulbar conjunctiva	Culture-based and culture-independent 16S rRNA gene analysis	Bacillus sp., Propionbacterium acnes and Klebsiella oxytoca were only identified in DED subjects, whereas Erwinia sp. only in non-DED	Graham et al ^Citation73
n = 56 (Non-DED) and n = 67 (DED)	Swab: Conjunctiva	Culture-based	No significant difference in the isolation rates between non-DED and DED, but the latter presented significantly higher incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and fluoroquinolone-resistant methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus	Hori et al^Citation69
n = 54 (Non-DED) and n = 35 (DED)	Swab: Superior and inferior palpebral, caruncle, and fornix conjunctiva	Culture-independent 16S rRNA gene analysis	Bacteroidia and Bacteroidetes were enriched in DED subjects but Pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonas, Gammaproteobacteria and Proteobacteria had lower relative abundance compared to non-DED	Li et al ^Citation68
n = 36 (Non-DED) and n = 36 (DED)	Collection of closed eye tears in sterile saline	Culture-independent 16S rRNA gene analysis	Relatively unaffected microbial communities of non-DED and DED by daily eye wash, but univariate analysis detected the most significant differences in the abundance of MLE112, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Sphingobium, Caldicoprobacter and Anaerococcus	Willis et al^Citation74
n = 28 (Non-DED) and n* = 18 + 21 (DED)	Swab: Inferior fornix conjunctiva	Culture-independent 16S rRNA gene analysis	Decreased microbiota diversity with different composition in DED patients vs. controls. >75% of DED subjects shared Enhydrobacter, Brevibacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Cutibacterium. Pseudomonas was identified as a bacterial biomarker for controls and Bacilli for patients with DED	Andersson et al ^Citation75

*Aqueous tear-deficient dry eye patients with (n = 18) and without ocular graft-versus-host disease (n = 21).

Table 2. Bacterial contamination of commercially available eye makeup products

Product	Taxa	Country	Reference
Eyeshadow	Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Moraxella	USA	Dawson and Reinhardt^Citation82
Mascara, eyeshadow and face cream	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus sp.	Egypt	Abdelaziz et al ^Citation83
Kohl	Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens	Jordan	Abdelaziz and Alkofahi^Citation84
Mascara	Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus sp.	USA	Pack et al ^Citation76
Mascara, eyeliner and eyeshadow	– Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella pneumonia	Egypt	El-Bazza et al ^Citation81
Kohl	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp.	India	Guleria^Citation85
Mascara	Staphylococcus, proteus, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebseilla, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Iraq	Baqer et al ^Citation79
Mascara and eyeliner	Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococci, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Alcanigenes	Iran	Dadashi and Dehghanzadeh^Citation80
Kohl, mascara, eyeshadow and eyeliner	Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes	India	Nandi and Mandal^Citation86
Kohl, mascara, eyeliner and eyeshadow	Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, Staph aureus	Saudi Arabia	Eldesoukey et al ^Citation87
Mascara and eyeliner	Pluralibacter gergoviae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Cryptococcus diffluens, Micrococcus luteus, Burkholderia vietnamiensis, Bacillus muralis, Staphylococcus capitis	UK	Bashir and Lambert^Citation88
Mascara	Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans	Saudi Arabia	Noor et al ^Citation89

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