A new specimen of the hybodont shark Palaeobates polaris with three-dimensionally preserved Meckel's cartilage from the Smithian (Early Triassic) of Spitsbergen

ABSTRACT

A new, well-preserved specimen of Palaeobates polaris from the Smithian ‘fish horizon’ of Spitsbergen (Svalbard archipelago, Arctic Norway) is presented. The find is more complete than the type material of P. polaris and contains amongst others the left mandibular branch with associated dentition and labial cartilage as well as elements of the hyoid arch and a portion of the anterior dorsal fin. P. polaris shares with the other species of the genus Palaeobates the same tooth histology (orthodont teeth with pulp cavity), but the ornamentation of the teeth is different. Several studies have shown that it is problematic to deduce phylogenetic relationships among hybodontiform sharks by means of tooth histology. Moreover, orthodont teeth with a pulp cavity are probably plesiomorphic for hybodontiforms. Based on the new find of P. polaris, three other characters are proposed to be apomorphic for Palaeobates in general: (1) the lower margin of the dental groove of Meckel's cartilage runs nearer to the ventral than to the dorsal border of the mandible in P. polaris but medially to these margins of the lower jaw in the crown group hybodontoid Acrodus; (2) the number of tooth files and arrangement of the teeth of P. polaris are well-distinguishable from those of Acrodus and Asteracanthus; and (3) the dorsal fin spines of P. polaris, and also of P. angustissimus, tend to be more slender compared to those of Hybodus and Acrodus. Nonetheless, more material is needed to ascertain if these traits are useful to separate Palaeobates from other hybodontiforms.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Franz-Josef Lindemann, University of Oslo, Norway, for his guidance and assistance during field work on Spitsbergen as well as Lui Unterrassner, Stäfa, Switzerland, for his help in the field and the photo of the 2008 expedition collecting area in Figure 1. We also thank the following members of the Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich: Leonie Pauli, Julia Huber, and Markus Hebeisen for the preparation of specimen PIMUZ A/I 3888, Rosi Roth for the photographs, and Laura Wilson and James Neenan for correcting the English of the manuscript. We thank the Institute for Geosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden, for making the type material of Palaeobates polaris available to us for reinvestigation. We are also thankful to Charlie J. Underwood as well as Gilles Cuny and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful critique. We greatly appreciate the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (project no. 200021–120311/1 to the second author and Hugo Bucher, Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich).