Asthma-community acquired pneumonia co-diagnosis in children: a scoping review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart showing the selection procedure of research papers in the scoping review.

Figure 2. Geographical distribution of the countries where the studies included in the final scoping review were conducted.

Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the scoping review (N = 12).

Sl.	Authors	Sources	Period of the study conducted	Locations/countries	Study design	Age of children included in the study	Sample size	Study sites
1	Wulandari, D. A. & Kartasasmita, C. (2016) (40)	Conference paper	January–December 2012	Indonesia	Retrospective cohort study	11–144 months	873	Tertiary level hospital
2	Wilson, K. M., et al. (2015) (14)	Research article	July 1, 2007–June 30, 2012	USA	Retrospective, multicenter cohort study	3 months–<18 years	25,124	Pediatric hospitals
3	Wasser, C. D., et al. (2018) (13)	Research article	January–December 2012	USA	Retrospective cohort study	2–17 years	368	Pediatric hospital
4	Nesterenko, Z., et al. (2010) (39)	Conference paper	not mentioned	Ukraine	Cross-sectional (not explicitly specified in the article)	2–18 years	60	Pediatric hospital
5	Florin, Todd A., et al. (2016) (41)	Research Letter	January 1, 2010–December 31, 2013	USA	Retrospective cohort study	2–18 years	14,007	Pediatric hospital
6	Boskovska, K., et al. (2011) (34)	Conference paper	Not found	Macedonia	Cross-sectional (not explicitly specified in the article)	Mean age—7 years	66	Not Specified
7	Leyenaar, JoAnna K., et al. (2021) (15)		October 2015–June 2018	USA	Cross-sectional Study	2–17 years	24,606	Community Hospitals to Free-standing hospitals
8	Theamboonlers, A., et al. (2007) (35)	Research Article	March 2002–July 2003	Thailand	Cross-sectional Study	24 days to 15 years	226	Tertiary level hospital
9	Nantanda, R., et al. (2013) (36)	Research article	August 2011–July 2012	Uganda	Cross-sectional study	2–59 months	614	Tertiary level hospital
10	Duenas Meza, E., et al. (2016) (37)	Research article	2010–2012	Columbia	Cross-sectional study	2–15 years	169	Tertiary level hospital
11	Parikh, K., et al. (2017) (42)	Research article	2014–2015	USA and Pakistan	Retrospective cohort study	3 months to 18 years	3802	Community hospitals, free-standing and non-free standing children’s hospitals, and university- and non-university affiliated hospitals

Table 2. Bio-sample collection, diagnostic test, infectious etiologies, and antimicrobials used for asthma-CAP co-diagnosis.

Sl.	Authors	Bio-sample collection	Diagnostic tests	Infectious etiology	Antimicrobial use
1	Wulandari, D. A., et al. (2016)	Blood	Complete blood count (CBC), culture, chest radiograph	No specific reporting	No reporting
2	Wilson, Karen M., et al. (2015)	Blood	Complete blood count (CBC), culture, chest radiograph	No reporting	Patients with CAP + acute asthma received macrolides comparing with CAP alone (59 vs. 37%)
3	Wasser, Caleb D., et al. (2018)	No bio-sample	Chest radiograph	No reporting	84% of children with asthma-CAP co-diagnosis patients received antibiotics.
4	Nesterenko, Z., et al. (2010)	Blood	Serology tests, chest radiograph	C. pneumoniae—12.5% and M. pneumoniae—50.9%	All patients received macrolides.
5	Florin, Todd A., et al. (2016)	No bio-sample	Chest radiograph	No reporting	No reporting
6	Boskovska, K., et al. (2011)	Blood	CBC, C-reactive protein (CRP), culture, serology tests, chest radiograph	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	All patients were treated with antibiotics. Children with mycoplasma infection were treated with macrolides.
7	Leyenaar, JoAnna K., et al. (2021)	Blood	Serum electrolytes, CBC, culture, serology tests, chest radiograph	No reporting	Antibiotic was used in 91.1% of patients with asthma-CAP co-diagnosis and 18.9% of patients with asthma exacerbation. Distribution of antibiotics among asthma-CAP patients-aminopenicillin alone (13.3%), cephalosporin alone (16.1%) macrolide alone (26.4%), other individual antibiotic (3.1%), and more than one antibiotics (41.1%).
8	Theamboonlers, Apiradee, et al. (2007)	Nasopharyngeal Wash (NPW)/nasopharyngeal aspirate, blood	CBC, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), serology tests, chest radiograph	hCoV—11.1% and hCoV + RSV—11.1%	No antibiotic used for children with asthma-CAP co-diagnosis
9	Nantanda, Rebecca, et al. (2013)	Nasopharyngeal Wash (NPW)/nasopharyngeal aspirate, blood	CBC, C-reactive protein (CRP), culture, serology tests, chest radiograph	RSV—18.0% and bacterial pneumonia—19.8%	95.3% of children received antibiotics.
10	Duenas Meza, Elida, et al. (2016)	Nasopharyngeal Wash (NPW)/nasopharyngeal aspirate	PCR/RT-PCR, chest radiograph	Virus—13.0% and M. pneumoniae +virus—14.3%	Antibiotics used for 17.2% of total study participants.
11	Parikh, Kavita, et al. (2017)	No bio-sample	No diagnostic test mentioned	No reporting	Study observed increased use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics and decreased use of macrolides after the educational intervention.
12	Maffey, Alberto F., et al. (2010)	Nasopharyngeal Wash (NPW)/nasopharyngeal aspirate	PCR/RT-PCR	No specific reporting	Macrolides

Figure 3. Distribution of investigations used for detecting asthma-CAP co-diagnosis (n = 12).

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