Size-Resolved Mass Balance of Aerosol Particles over the São Paulo Metropolitan Area of Brazil

Figures & data

FIG. 1 Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), aerosol sampling site (IAG-CUASO) and climatological station (IAG-AF).

TABLE 1 MOUDI sampling description and total concentrations (in μ g · m^{− 3}) obtained by the summing of all MOUDI stages and the afterfilter

Name	Sampling day	Sampling time	DT (hours)	Total concentration (in μ g · m^− ^3)
MOUDI-01	Tuesday	6:00 p.m.–8:00 a.m.	14	55.4
	August 3
MOUDI-02	Wednesday	8:20 a.m.–4:45 p.m	08	99.6
MOUDI-03	August 4	6:04 p.m.–8:03 a.m.	14	57.6
MOUDI-04	Thursday	8:30 a.m.–6:03 p.m.	10	132.3
MOUDI-05	August 5	6:20 p.m.–8:00 a.m.	14	63.4
MOUDI-06	Friday	8:20 a.m.–6:10 p.m.	10	96.8
MOUDI-07	August 6	6:30 p.m.–8:00 a.m.	14	96.5
MOUDI-08	Saturday	8:20 a.m.–8:15 a.m.	24	100.4
	August 7
MOUDI-09	Sunday	8:50 a.m.–7:55 a.m.	24	15.4
	August 8
MOUDI-10	Monday	8:16 a.m.–6:00 p.m.	10	89.0
MOUDI-11	August 9	6:20 p.m.–8:00 a.m.	14	77.1
MOUDI-12	Tuesday	8:20 a.m.–6:00 p.m.	10	158.7
MOUDI-13	August 10	6:20 p.m.–8:00 a.m.	14	185.2
MOUDI-14	Wednesday	8:30 a.m.–6:00 p.m.	10	188.9
MOUDI-15	August 11	6:05 p.m.–8:05 a.m.	14	152.5

FIG. 2 Temporal variation of temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%).

FIG. 3 Temporal variation of wind speed (m · s^{− 1}) and wind direction (degrees).

FIG. 4 Temporal variation of pressure (hPa) and cloud cover (tenths).

FIG. 5 FPM and CPM calculated by the summing of the mass concentration (above) and black carbon concentration (below) in stages with a d₅₀ of less than 2.5 μ m (considered FPM) and in those with a d₅₀ between 2.5 and 10 μ m (CPM) for nocturnal (N), diurnal (D), and 24 h sampling.

TABLE 2 Daytime and nighttime mass and black-carbon average concentrations (in μ g · m^{− 3}) as a function of particle size

	Mass		BC
D50 (μ m)	Day	Night	Day	Night
AF	10.2	12.1	2.5	6.1
0.094	18.1	17.3	0.3	0.4
0.384	14.4	11.0	0.2	0.2
0.587	10.7	10.4	0.5	0.6
1	11.8	7.8	0.3	0.4
1.8	10.7	7.5	0.2	0.2
3.1	12.5	10.7	0.2	0.2
6.2	15.3	9.4	0.1	0.1
9.9	13.0	5.8	0.0	0.0
Total	116.8	92.0	4.3	8.3
AF, afterfilter, BC, black carbon.

FIG. 6 Mass (above) and black-carbon (below) size distribution averaged for daytime and nighttime periods.

TABLE 3 Daytime and nighttime mass concentrations (in μ g · m^{− 3}) of inorganic cations as a function of particle size

	Sodium		Ammonium		Potassium		Magnesium		Calcium
D50 (μ m)	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night
AF	0.338	0.457	0.431	0.411	0.619	0.796	0.001	0.013	0.047	0.264
0.094	0.009	0.099	1.099	0.974	0.208	0.294	0.012	0.016	0.037	0.148
0.384	0.007	0.090	0.851	0.692	0.104	0.199	0.003	0.015	0.014	0.148
0.587	0.076	0.110	0.713	0.793	0.043	0.157	0.018	0.037	0.140	0.309
1	0.165	0.171	0.299	0.222	0.007	0.097	0.034	0.053	0.161	0.152
1.8	0.108	0.144	0.137	0.024	0.066	0.094	0.034	0.069	0.276	0.272
3.1	0.062	0.179	0.133	0.022	0.025	0.140	0.062	0.078	0.702	0.452
6.2	0.087	0.154	0.112	0.035	0.011	0.181	0.044	0.066	0.806	0.502
9.9	0.000	0.088	0.114	0.013	0.027	0.158	0.026	0.032	0.335	0.326
Total	0.851	1.493	3.889	3.185	1.111	2.115	0.234	0.378	2.517	2.574
AF, afterfilter.

TABLE 4 Daytime and nighttime mass concentrations (in μ g · m^{− 3}) of inorganic anions as a function of particle size

	Sulfate		Nitrate		Chloride
D50 (μ m)	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night
AF	0.697	0.808	0.175	0.139	0.176	0.712
0.094	1.527	1.675	0.155	0.048	0.057	0.134
0.384	1.179	1.203	0.123	0.074	0.040	0.083
0.587	0.913	1.491	0.127	0.084	0.056	0.095
1	0.717	0.653	0.314	0.160	0.023	0.078
1.8	0.210	0.116	0.383	0.335	0.147	0.110
3.1	0.224	0.128	0.535	0.528	0.058	0.157
6.2	0.192	0.074	0.340	0.290	0.049	0.133
9.9	0.154	0.038	0.174	0.109	0.013	0.109
Total	5.813	6.186	2.325	1.767	0.620	1.611
AF, afterfilter.

FIG. 7 Size distribution of ammonium averaged for daytime and nighttime samplings.

FIG. 8 Size distribution of sulfate averaged for daytime and nighttime samplings.

FIG. 9 Size distribution of nitrate averaged for daytime and nighttime samplings.

FIG. 10 Size distribution of sodium averaged for daytime and nighttime samplings.

FIG. 11 Size distribution of chloride averaged for daytime and nighttime samplings.

FIG. 12 Size distribution of potassium averaged for daytime and nighttime samplings.

TABLE 5 Daytime and nighttime concentrations (in nequ · m^{− 3}) of cations and anions as a function of particle size

	Daytime samples			Nighttime samples
D50 (μ m)	Cations	Anions	Cation excess	Cations	Anions	Cation excess
AF	56.9	22.3	43.7	77.4	39.1	32.8
0.094	69.6	35.9	31.9	74.7	39.4	30.9
0.384	51.2	27.6	29.8	56.0	28.6	32.5
0.587	52.4	22.6	39.7	71.3	35.1	34.1
1	34.8	20.6	25.5	34.2	18.4	30.2
1.8	30.6	14.7	35.1	29.2	10.9	45.5
3.1	50.8	14.9	54.6	41.5	15.6	45.4
6.2	54.1	10.9	66.5	43.7	10.0	62.9
9.9	25.9	6.4	60.5	27.5	5.6	66.1
AF, afterfilter.

FIG. 13 Daytime (above) and nighttime (below) averaged size-resolved mass balance for the five lower stages of the MOUDI and the afterfilter.

TABLE 6 Oxide concentrations estimated as a factor multiplied by PIXE-analyzed elemental concentration

	Al2O3		SiO2		TiO2		Fe2O3		ZnO
D50 (μ m)	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night	Day	Night
0.094	0.0	0.0	65.2	39.9	2.1	1.4	41.4	26.0	32.2	29.8
0.384	24.8	32.8	94.8	57.8	3.9	4.8	68.1	52.9	34.6	39.4
0.587	91.5	67.3	388.8	115.4	8.9	7.0	125.5	101.1	59.1	78.2
1	193.0	183.5	408.0	278.5	24.7	22.4	254.1	262.4	70.2	82.3
1.8	330.3	388.3	580.8	554.7	43.9	42.9	411.1	472.1	41.3	43.3

FIG. 14 Temporal evolution of FPM compounds (inorganic ions, crustal material, and black carbon) calculated by the summing of the concentration in stages with d₅₀ less than 2.5 μ m and total organic carbon measured by the carbon monitor.