Air Quality Profile of Inorganic Ionic Composition of Fine Aerosols at Two Sites in Mumbai City

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study Area (Ambient Site, Kerb Site) Mumbai City, India.

Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of the Sampling Equipment.

Figure 3 Levels of PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and NOx at Ambient and Kerb Sites During Different Seasons.

Figure 4 Average Ionic Concentrations and their Percentage Contribution to PM_2.5.

Table 1 Ionic concentration at ambient and kerbsite (μ gm^{− 3}) (2003–2004)

	F^−	Cl^−	NO3 ^−	SO4 ^2 −	Na^+	NH4 ^+	K^+	Mg^2 +	Ca^2 +
Ambient
Average	0.30	4.62	0.97	11.44	3.15	3.78	2.85	0.97	2.73
Minimum	0.10	1.11	0.19	2.10	1.21	1.40	1.51	0.50	1.28
Maximum	0.56	6.86	2.52	20.86	4.61	7.08	5.04	1.64	3.92
Stdev	±0.18	±2.24	±0.84	±8.56	±1.53	±2.30	±1.45	±0.52	±1.07
N	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
Kerbsite
Average	0.37	5.30	2.12	12.23	5.67	5.84	4.44	1.08	3.66
Minimum	0.14	1.80	0.89	3.20	2.80	2.30	0.89	0.30	1.19
Maximum	0.76	10.51	4.76	23.35	7.28	8.52	6.60	1.95	5.49
Stdev	±0.24	±3.15	±1.39	±7.62	±1.68	±2.16	±2.47	±0.71	±1.44
N	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

Table 2 Concentration of nss (non sea salt) and their percent contribution to PM_2.5

	nss- SO4 ^2 − (μg m^− 3)	nss- SO4 ^2 − %	nss- Ca^2 + (μg m^− 3)	nss- Ca^2 +%	nss-K^+ (μg m^− 3)	nss- K^+%
Ambient	11	91	3	96	3	95
Kerbsite	11	85	3	94	4	94

Table 3 Equivalent ratios of Cl⁻ and Ca^{2 +} to Na⁺ and percentage chloride depletion

	Cl^−/Na^+	Ca^2 +/Na^+	Cl^− Depletion
Ambient	0.95	1.1	19%
Kerbsite	0.61	0.74	49%

Figure 5 Ambient Nitrate Levels (μ g m^{− 3}).

Figure 6 Ammonia balance between measured NH^{+ 4} and Calculated NH^{4 +}.

Table 4 The annual concentrations and mass ratios of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at different sites around the world (μ g m^{− 3})

		Mass (μ g m^− 3)
Location	Site	PM2.5	PM10	PM2.5/PM10	Reference
Europe
Switzerland
Bern	Kerbsite	24.6	40.2	0.61	Hueglin et al. (2005)
Zürich Kasene	City Centre, Courtyard	20	24.4	0.81
Basel	Suburban	18.9	24.8	0.76
Chaumont	Rural	7.7	10.8	0.71
Spain	Madrid Network	34	47	0.72	Artinano et al. (2004)
United States
United States	Urban/Semi Rural Areas	—	—	0.3–0.27	EPA (2001)
Mexico, South America
Tlalnepantla (TLA)	Commercial/Industrial	33.39	59.16	0.56	Chow (2002)
Netzahualcoyotl (NET)	Commercial/Residential	55.36	111.50	0.49
Pedregal, PED	Suburban/Residential	24.56	43.31	0.56
Asian Region
Manila, Philippines	Urban	45	—	0.45	David (2002)
Hong Kong Island	Elevated site	31	—
Cheju Island, S. Korea	Island	18	—
Hanoi, Vietnam	Urban/Industrial	42	—
Sado Island, Japan	Island	8.9
Sihwa, South Korea	Industrial	—	—	0.38–0.89	Seung et al. (2001)
Macao, China ^b
Avenida da Amizade Road	Kerbsite	28.4	32.3	—	Ye (2003)
Rua de Ferreira do Amaral Road	Kerbsite	39.8	29.2	—
Rua do Camp Road	Kerbsite	NA	42.3	—
Rua da Ribeira do Patane Road	Kerbsite	58.4	41.8	—
Cidade Taipa	Background	32.3	14.1	—
Taipa Grande	Background	25.1	15.1	—
Hong Kong ^c
Hung Hom (PolyU)	Kerbsite	50.92	83.52	0.61	Ho et al. (2003)
Kwun Tong (KT)	Industrial	57.38	73.11	0.78
Hok Tsni (HT)	Background	42.37	80.01	0.53
Taichung, Taiwan	Urban-Commercial	40	61	0.65	Chen et al. (1999)
India
Punjab
Morinda	Non Industrial	24.0–90.0	—	0.42	Nautiyal (2000)
Mandi-Gobindgarh	Industrial	32.0–100.0	—	0.42
Delhi ^d
Pachkuain Road	Kerbsite	94.0–100.0	—	0.35–0.40	Agarwal et al. (2002)
Okhla	Industrial	90.0–102.0	—	0.56–0.66
Green Park		78.0–109.0	—
Munirka	Kerbsite	78.0	—
Nagpur ^d	Several locations	45.0–74.0	—	0.3–0.68	Agarwal et al. (2002)
Chennai	Background	35.0	—	0.50	Ramakrishna et al. (2003)
	Mixed/Traffic/	46.0	—
	Industrial	54.0	—
Mumbai
IIT, Mumbai	Background Urban Site–Period 1		182		Venkataraman (2002)
	Background Urban Site–Period 2		128
Worli, Mumbai	Residential/Commercial	52	83	0.62	Rakesh Kumar et al. (2003)
Worli, Mumbai	Ambient site	43	63	0.68	Present Study
	Kerbsite	69	98	0.70

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