Impact of Ambient Temperatures and Driving Conditions on the Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter Emissions from Non-Smoking Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Vehicle test matrix

Date	Test	Vehicle number	Vehicle	Model year	Mileage	Engine size/cylinders	Run type	Number of cycle/type	Total miles driven
11/6/2001	TEST 1	None					Dynamic Blank
11/6/2001	TEST 2	1	Ford F150	1999	30,000	4.8L, 8	Cold Unified #1	1 UDC	9.8
11/6/2001	TEST 3	1	Ford F150	1999	30,000	4.8L, 8	Hot Unified Composite	3 UDC	29.5
11/6/2001	TEST 4	1	Ford F150	1999	30,000	4.8L, 8	Steady State Composite	SS	165
11/7/2001	TEST 5	1	Ford F150	1999	30,000	4.8L, 8	Cold Unified #2	1 UDC	9.8
11/7/2001	TEST 6	None					Dynamic Blank
11/7/2001	TEST 7	1	Ford F150	1999	30,000	4.8L, 8	Cold Unified #3	1 UDC	9.8
11/8/2001	TEST 8	2	Ford Windstar	1998	47,000	3.8L, 6	Cold Unified #1	1 UDC	9.8
11/8/2001	TEST 9	2	Ford Windstar	1998	47,000	3.8L, 6	Hot Unified Composite	3 UDC	29.5
11/8/2001	TEST 10	2	Ford Windstar	1998	47,000	3.8L, 6	Steady State Composite	SS	165
11/9/2001	TEST 11	2	Ford Windstar	1998	47,000	3.8L, 6	Cold Unified #2	1 UDC	9.8
11/9/2001	TEST 12	None					Dynamic Blank
11/9/2001	TEST 13	2	Ford Windstar	1998	47,000	3.8L, 6	Cold Unified #3	1 UDC	9.8
11/12/2001	TEST 14	3	Ford Escort	1995	140,000	1.9L, 4	Cold Unified #1	1 UDC	9.8
11/12/2001	TEST 15	3	Ford Escort	1995	140,000	1.9L, 4	Hot Unified Composite	3 UDC	29.5
11/12/2001	TEST 16	3	Ford Escort	1995	140,000	1.9L, 4	Steady State Composite	SS	165
11/13/2001	TEST 17	3	Ford Escort	1995	140,000	1.9L, 4	Cold Unified #2	1 UDC	9.8
11/13/2001	TEST 18	None					Dynamic Blank
11/13/2001	TEST 19	3	Ford Escort	1995	140,000	1.9L, 4	Cold Unified #3	1 UDC	9.8
11/13/2001	TEST 20	None					Loading Blank
11/14/2001	TEST 21	4	Chevy Prism	1999	57,000	1.8L, 4	Cold Unified #1	1 UDC	9.8
11/14/2001	TEST 22	4	Chevy Prism	1999	57,000	1.8L, 4	Hot Unified Composite	3 UDC	29.5
11/14/2001	TEST 23	4	Chevy Prism	1999	57,000	1.8L, 4	Steady State Composite	SS	165
11/15/2001	TEST 24	4	Chevy Prism	1999	57,000	1.8L, 4	Cold Unified #2	1 UDC	9.8
11/15/2001	TEST 25	None					Dynamic Blank
11/15/2001	TEST 26	4	Chevy Prism	1999	57,000	1.8L, 4	Cold Unified #3	1 UDC	9.8
Notes: 1) UDC is Unified Driving Cycle.
2) SS is Steady State Driving and is comprised of 2 hours at 65–70 MPH followed by 1 hour at 35 MPH.

FIG. 1 Emissions of PM_2.5 chemical species from four gasoline-powered motor vehicles operating over different driving cycles.

TABLE 2 Emissions rates of PM_2.5 mass, OC, EC, sulfate ion, nitrate ion, and ammonium ion

				Mass Emissions	OC Emissions	EC Emissions	NO3-Emissions	SO4 = Emissions	NH4 + Emissions				Reconstructed Mass*
			Mass Conc	EF	UNC	EF	UNC	EF	UNC	EF	UNC	EF	UNC	EF	UNC	EF	UNC
Test	Vehicle	Cycle	ug/m3	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km	mg/km
2	1	Cold UDC	289	7.15	0.12	1.82	0.26	3.76	0.35	0.12	0.05	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.04	6.05	0.48
5	1	Cold UDC	302	7.49	0.28	1.32	0.24	3.51	0.34	0.26	0.05	0.15	0.09	0.01	0.04	5.51	0.46
7	1	Cold UDC	266	6.55	0.30	0.85	0.22	3.82	0.35	0.17	0.05	0.18	0.09	0.01	0.04	5.20	0.45
AVG				7.06	0.53	1.33	0.54	3.69	0.38	0.18	0.08	0.08	0.16	0.00	0.04
8	2	Cold UDC	227	5.54	0.22	0.68	0.21	3.10	0.31	0.18	0.05	0.18	0.09	0.04	0.04	4.31	0.42
11	2	Cold UDC	262	6.45	0.33	0.61	0.20	3.86	0.35	0.20	0.05	0.00	0.08	0.01	0.04	4.81	0.44
13	2	Cold UDC	289	7.15	0.12	0.86	0.21	4.25	0.37	0.15	0.05	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.04	5.44	0.46
AVG				6.38	0.84	0.72	0.25	3.74	0.68	0.17	0.05	0.01	0.17	0.01	0.05
14	3	Cold UDC	40	0.71	0.21	0.57	0.20	0.32	0.17	0.17	0.05	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.04	1.18	0.31
17	3	Cold UDC	62	1.27	0.17	0.53	0.20	0.29	0.17	0.01	0.05	0.20	0.09	0.04	0.04	1.19	0.31
19	3	Cold UDC	56	1.13	0.10	0.62	0.20	0.29	0.17	0.04	0.05	0.18	0.09	0.04	0.04	1.29	0.31
AVG				1.04	0.34	0.58	0.20	0.30	0.17	0.07	0.10	0.10	0.17	0.02	0.05
21	4	Cold UDC	168	4.01	0.17	1.16	0.23	1.21	0.22	0.20	0.05	0.26	0.09	0.04	0.04	3.10	0.36
24	4	Cold UDC	207	5.02	0.20	1.66	0.25	2.43	0.28	0.17	0.05	0.23	0.09	0.07	0.04	4.89	0.43
26	4	Cold UDC	220	5.35	0.16	1.97	0.27	2.32	0.27	0.17	0.05	0.28	0.09	0.07	0.04	5.20	0.43
AVG				4.79	0.72	1.59	0.48	1.98	0.72	0.18	0.05	0.26	0.09	0.06	0.04
3	1	HOT UDC	17	0.21	0.20	0.09	0.11	0.15	0.08	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.14	0.00	0.06	0.26	0.23
9	2	HOT UDC	45	1.33	0.17	0.20	0.11	0.39	0.09	0.01	0.07	0.05	0.13	0.00	0.06	0.69	0.23
15	3	HOT UDC	14	0.06	0.21	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.07	0.00	0.07	0.00	0.13	0.00	0.06	0.00	0.21
22	4	HOT UDC	35	0.92	0.16	0.45	0.12	0.02	0.07	0.06	0.07	0.16	0.13	0.06	0.06	0.85	0.23
4	1	Steady State	20	0.08	0.05	0.08	0.03	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.04	0.00	0.02	0.09	0.06
10	2	Steady State	28	0.18	0.05	0.08	0.03	0.06	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.04	0.00	0.02	0.16	0.06
16	3	Steady State	105	1.15	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.84	0.06	0.26	0.02	1.16	0.08
23	4	Steady State	39	0.34	0.05	0.20	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.31	0.07
Notes: 1) EF = Emission Factor; UNC = Estimated uncertainty based on the standard deviation of the repeated measurements, the analytical errors, and the uncertainty in blank substration.
2) All values are blank corrected using the average of 5 dynamic blanks.
3) Values in bold face are statistically different from zero with a 95% confidence interval.

FIG. 2 Particle mass size distributions of diluted vehicle exhaust emissions—measured with a nano-MOUDI impactor.

FIG. 3 The size resolved chemical composition of particle emissions from Vehicle 2 operating over the cold-cold start UDC driving cycle.

FIG. 4 The size resolved chemical composition of particle emissions from Vehicle 3 operating over the steady state driving cycle.

TABLE 3 Emissions rates of particle phase organic compounds

Test Cyle	Cold UDC	Cold UDC	Cold UDC	Cold UDC	Hot UDC	Hot UDC	Steady State	Steady State	Steady State
Vehicle	1	2	3	4	1 and 2	3 and 4	1 and 2	3	4
Number of Cycles Composited	3	3	3	3	6	6	6	3	3
Composite of Tests	2,5,7	8,11,13	14,17,19	21,24,26	3,9	15,22	4,10	16	23
Emissions Rates (ng per Kilometer)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
FLUORANTHENE	66.2	188	109.3	3080	< 20	4.9	< 2	< 2	< 2
ACEPHENANTHRYLENE	16.5	33.8	16.5	366	2.5	3.1	< 2	< 2	< 2
METHYL MW 202 PAH	26.5	40.9	12.1	330	3.0	6.0	0.6	< 1	3.7
BENZO(GHI)FLUORANTHENE	342	492	105	3860	39.7	145	6.1	< 10	38.6
CYCLOPENTA(CD)PYRENE	205	312	51.5	937	27.0	< 30	< 5	< 2	< 20
PYRENE	74.2	189	59.8	2930	< 10	< 20	< 2	< 2	< 2
BENZ(A)ANTHRACENE	46.2	67.8	8.1	351	6.7	11.8	2.1	< 2	9.9
CHRYSENE	56.5	76.6	13.4	421	7.6	25.4	4.4	< 2	16.8
BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE	19.4	38.1	5.5	201	0.5	0.9	3.7	< 2	9.6
BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE	45.3	66.8	7.9	244	0.4	1.0	2.0	< 2	7.3
BENZO(J)FLUORANTHENE	< 1	10.1	< 1	23.7	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2
BENZO(E)PYRENE	29.2	45.0	12.7	134	0.8	3.1	1.6	< 2	8.9
BENZO(A)PYRENE	28.7	54.6	10.8	115	2.5	2.3	< 2	< 2	4.1
PERYLENE	< 4	< 4	< 4	9.3	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2
INDENO(CD)PYRENE	59.6	71.8	< 20	251	< 4	< 4	< 2	< 2	< 2
DIBENZ(AH)ANTHRACENE	10.1	10.8	< 10	20.1	< 4	< 4	< 2	< 2	< 2
BENZO(GHI)PERYLENE	69.8	94.9	23.8	260	6.4	6.3	1.9	< 2	5.7
CORONENE	44.5	43.8	15.1	136	< 4	< 4	0.7	< 2	5.0
BENZ(DE)ANTHRACEN-7-ONE	5.7	10.1	< 2	15.8	1.7	2.5	3.1	< 2	6.8
ANTHROQUINONE	5.3	15.3	11.0	101	9.8	13.2	4.8	2.9	17.0
n-Alkanes
TETRACOSANE	42.6	17.5	< 30	64.2	228	8.6	229	4.4	50.6
PENTACOSANE	33.5	22.7	7.2	51.4	159	9.3	275	7.0	77.8
HEXACOSANE	17.5	24.7	6.7	31.8	84.2	6.8	261	9.5	89.8
HEPTACOSANE	26.3	29.9	11.9	< 150	50.9	7.5	166	13.5	71.3
OCTACOSANE	16.7	34.3	16.0	< 70	45.9	3.8	118	9.0	51.6
NONACOSANE	< 50	40.3	18.7	< 150	48.0	7.6	86.8	6.9	32.3
TRIACONTANE	66.7	73.9	< 50	< 50	76.4	45.1	73.2	18.4	34.1
HENTRIACONTANE	< 60	< 60	< 60	< 60	61.2	< 30	53.3	< 10	< 20
DOTRIACONTANE	< 50	< 50	< 50	< 50	< 30	< 30	< 10	< 10	< 10
TRITRIACONTANE	< 50	< 50	< 50	< 50	43.8	< 30	< 10	< 10	< 10
TETRATRIACONTANE	< 50	< 50	< 50	< 50	< 30	< 30	15.1	< 10	< 10
PENTATRIACONTANE	< 60	< 60	< 60	< 60	< 30	< 30	10.6	< 10	< 30
Hopanes and Steranes
20R,ABB-CHOLESTANE	2.3	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 1	< 1	1.0	0.5	1.4
20S,ABB-CHOLESTANE	1.7	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 1	< 1	0.8	0.4	1.3
20R,AAA-CHOLESTANE	3.6	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 1	1.4	1.8	1.2	3.6
20R,ABB-ERGOSTANE	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 1	< 1	0.7	0.5	0.8
22,29,30-TRISNORHOPANE	4.9	< 2	< 2	3.1	< 1	2.1	2.5	1.9	2.2
20S,ABB-ERGOSTANE	1.7	< 2	< 2	1.7	< 1	< 1	0.3	0.5	0.8
20R,ABB-SITOSTANE	7.2	< 2	3.3	2.6	< 1	1.8	2.2	0.8	3.1
20S,ABB-SITOSTANE	4.9	< 2	2.6	3.1	< 1	2.4	1.4	1.0	2.5
17B-21A-30-NORHOPANE	17.3	< 2	7.9	8.7	1.7	11.8	6.6	4.7	10.3
17A-21B-HOPANE	19.1	< 2	10.5	8.3	< 2	20.8	8.7	10.2	19.8
22S,AB-30-HOMOHOPANE	4.4	< 2	2.6	3.3	< 2	2.0	1.4	2.2	3.7
22R,AB-30-HOMOHOPANE	< 2	< 2	4.6	5.6	< 2	6.2	1.8	2.7	4.0
22S,AB-30-BISHOMOHOPANE	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	0.7	1.3	1.6
22R,AB-30-BISHOMOHOPANE	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	1.3	1.9	1.9
22S,AB-30,31,32-TRISHOMOHOPANE	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	1.1	0.9	< 0.5
22R,AB-30,31,32-TRISHOMOHOPANE	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	< 2	0.9	0.8	< 0.5

FIG. 5 Emissions of selected PM_2.5 high molecular weight PAH compounds from four gasoline-powered vehicles operating over different driving cycles. Values shown as zero were below detection.

FIG. 6 Emissions of selected PM_2.5 Hopane and Sterane compounds from four gasoline-powered vehicles operating over different driving cycles. Values shown as zero were below detection.

FIG. 7 Emissions of selected PM_2.5 high molecular weight n-alkanes from four gasoline-powered vehicles operating over different driving cycles. Values shown as zero were below detection.