Size-Segregated Inorganic and Organic Components of PM in the Communities of the Los Angeles Harbor

Figures & data

FIG. 1 Sampling sites locations.

TABLE 1 The chemical components used in the mass closure studies

Component	Abbreviation	Formula
Non-sea–salt sulphate ^a	Nss-SO4 ^2 −	[Nss-SO4 ^2 −] = [SO4 ^2 −]-0.246 x [Na^+]
Nitrate	NO3 ^−
Ammonium ion	NH4 ^+
Sea salt ^a	SS	[SS] = 3.248 x [Na^+]
Water-soluble soil ^b	WSS	[WSS] = [Fe2O3]+[Al2O3]+[CaO]+[K2O]
Water-insoluble soil ^c	WIS	[WIS] = [Fe2O3]IS+[SiO2]IS ^d +[Al2O3]IS+[CaO]IS++[K2O]IS
Other elements	OE	[OE] = Sum of the analyzed elements excluding soil elements
Elemental carbon	EC
Particulate organic matter	POM	POM = 1.4 x [OC]
Unidentified matter	UM	[UM] = [PMx]-[Σ identified components of PMx]

TABLE 2 Meteorological data during the sampling campaign at sampling sites

FIG. 2 Particle mass concentrations in the quasi-UF, accumulation, and coarse mode measured at six sampling sites. Error bars represent standard deviations, which are calculated for components on a weekly basis.

FIG. 3 The contributions of nine chemical components to the mass of quasi-UF, accumulation mode and coarse particles measured at six sampling sites.

TABLE 3 Measured n-alkanes and calculated carbon preference index (CPI) for quasi-UF and accumulation mode particles at all sampling sites

		Σn-alkanes (ng/m^3)	Cmax	CPI ^a
Quasi-Ultrafine	Site 1	20.66	C26 (1.24)	0.77
	Site 2	43.28	C28 (4.54)	0.74
	Site 3	19.67	C25 (2.78)	0.89
	Site 4	17.84	C24 (2.75)	0.81
	Site 5	6.42	C24 (1.08)	0.90
	Site 6	8.41	C25 (1.15)	1.36
Accumulation	Site 1	27.38	C34 (2.68)	0.65
	Site 2	20.47	C24 (1.47)	0.81
	Site 3	22.41	C31 (1.83)	0.85
	Site 4	8.11	C29 (1.10)	0.79
	Site 5	2.29	027 (0.41)	1.84
	Site 6	4.52	C25 (0.62)	1.35

FIG. 4 Concentration of PAHs (classified by molecular weight), hopanes, steranes, and Levoglucosan in (a) quasi-UF and (b) accumulation mode. Error bars represent uncertainties in organics concentrations.

FIG. 5 Relationship between hopanes and elemental carbon; straight lines represent measured ratios in a previous study of urban PM_2.5 in the proximity of freeways (Phuleria et al. 2007).

FIG. 6 Coefficient of variances (CV) with standard deviation (SD) of selected chemical components at three size fractions: (a) quasi-UF mode, (b) accumulation mode, and (c) coarse mode. Error bars represent standard deviations.

FIG. 7 Size fractionated results of (a) concentration ranges and coefficient of variances (CV) and (b) crustal enrichment factor for selected elements. Error bars represent standard deviations.

FIG. 8 Vanadium concentrations (a) plotted versus nickel concentrations and (b) measured in quasi-ultrafine and accumulation mode at all the sites.

FIG. 9 Relationships between vanadium and sulfur concentrations for (a) quasi-UF and (b) accumulation fractions.

TABLE 4 Pearson number and P-values of correlation between V and Ni with EC and OC in different size fractions of PM

		Quasi ultrafine		Accumulation mode		PM2.5
		V	Ni	V	Ni	V	Ni
EC	R	−0.08	−0.17	0.15	0.58	−0.08	0.12
	P-Value	0.88	0.75	0.78	0.23	0.88	0.82
OC	R	−0.40	−0.57	−0.25	0.39	−0.66	−0.43
	P-Value	0.44	0.24	0.63	0.45	0.16	0.39

Brewer , P. G. 1975 . Minor Elements in Sea Water, . Chem. Oceanog , 1 : 417 – 425 .

 Google Scholar

Sillanpaa , M. , Hillamo , R. , Saarikoski , S. , Frey , A. , Pennanen , A. , Makkonen , U. , Spolnik , Z. , Van Grieken , R. , Branis , M. , Brunekreef , B. , Chalbot , M. C. , Kuhlbusch , T. , Sunyer , J. , Kerminen , V. M. , Kulmala , M. and Salonen , R. O. 2006 . Chemical Composition and Mass Closure of Particulate Matter at Six Urban Sites in Europe, . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : S212 – S223 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Phuleria , H. C. , Sheesley , R. J. , Schauer , J. J. , Fine , P. M. and Sioutas , C. 2007 . Roadside Measurements of Size-segregated Particulate Organic Compounds near Gasoline and Diesel-Dominated Freeways in Los Angeles, CA, . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 4653 – 4671 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar