Toxic Potential Evaluation of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine: A Comparison between Straight Vegetable Oil and Mineral Diesel

Figures & data

FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of single cylinder agricultural engine setup with a heat exchanger.

TABLE 1 Experimental engine specifications

	Kirloskar Oil
Manufacturer	Engines Ltd, India
No. of cylinders	One
Combustion system	Direct injection
Bore/Stroke (mm)	102 / 116 mm
Engine displacement (cc)	948 cc
Compression ratio	17.5
Nozzle opening pressure	200–205 bars
Rated power	7.4 kW (10.0 hp) at 1500 rpm
Engine weight and fly wheel weight	127 kg and 64 kg
Starting	Hand start with cranking handle

TABLE 2 Filters selection for different investigations

			Sampling
S. No.	Investigation	Type of filter	duration
1	Trace metals	AQ F/A (047) Tissue-quartz	5–7 min
2	Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction	AQ F/A (047) Tissue-quartz	30–35 min
3	Scanning Electron Micrograph	GF/A (047) Glass fiber	30 min

TABLE 3 Concentration of various metals in diesel, straight vegetable oil, and lubricating oil samples

	Diesel	Karanja oil	Lubricating oil
Metals	(μg/g)	(μg/g)	(μg/g)
Ca	902.3	271.4	2046.8
Co	2.3	7	2.6
Cr	58.7	19.8	76
Cu	9	2	4.3
Fe	402.3	326	827
Mg	1162.3	468.2	3618.1
Ni	31.8	ND	76
Pb	8	2	8
Zn	271	167.8	832.4

FIG. 2 Concentration of various metals in exhaust particulates with varying engine load conditions.

FIG. 3 SOF percentage in terms of mass of TPM with varying load conditions.

FIG. 4 SEM micrographs of particulates at different engine loads for different fuels.