Size Distribution of Health-Relevant Trace Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter During a Severe Winter Stagnation Event: Implications for Epidemiology and Inhalation Exposure Studies

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Potential health effects and sources of particulate matter components measured during CRPAQS

Species	Health effects	Sources
As	Vasospasticity, cell function, heart rate variability, cancer^1	Fossil fuels, automotive, smelting^18
Cd	Cardiovascular, cell function, neurological, cancer^2,3,4	Fossil fuels, automotive, smelting^18
Bi	Heart rate variability^5	Crustal dust, smelting
Br	Cell function, heart rate variability^6	Marine aerosol, biomass burning, pesticides^19
Fe	Cardiovascular, oxidative stress, inflammation^7,8,9	Natural dust, Fossil fuels^18
S	Cardiovascular^10	Fossil fuels
Sb	Cell function, heart rate variability, respiratory^11	Crustal dust, smelting^11,20
Tl	Cell function, heart rate variability, respiratory, neurological^12,13	Fossil fuels, smelting^13
K	Respiratory^6,10	Biomass burning, meat cooking
V	Cardiovascular, respiratory^10,14,15,16,17	Fossil fuels, smelting^17
Rb	Respiratory^6	Biomass burning, meat cooking
Mn	Cardiovascular^10	Fossil fuels, smelting
Cl	Cardiovascular^10	Marine aerosol, fossil fuels
NO3	Cardiovascular, respiratory^10	Fossil fuels
SO4	Cardiovascular, heart rate variability^10	Fossil fuels
OC	Cardiovascular, respiratory, heart rate variability^6,10	Fossil fuel, biomass burning, agricultural
EC	Cardiovascular, respiratory, heart rate variability^6,10	Fossil fuel, biomass burning
^1(Lagerkvist et al. 1986), ^2(Beton et al. 1966), ^3(Townshend 1982), ^4(Research Triangle Institute and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1999), ^5(International Labour Office and Parmeggiani 1971), ^6(Naeher et al. 2007), ^7(Sutton and Winterbourn 1989), ^8(Weinberg 1996), ^9(Bingham et al. 2001), ^10(Ostro et al. 2007), ^11(United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1992), ^12(Ludolph et al. 1986), ^13(Life Systems Inc. et al. 1992), ^14(Kiviluoto 1980), ^15(Kiviluoto et al. 1979), ^16(Knecht et al. 1985), ^17(Life Systems Inc. et al. 1992), ^18(Brewer 1997), ^19(Mano and Andreae 1994), ^20(Moreno et al. 2007).

FIG. 1 Time history of PM_1.8 and PM_0.1 concentrations at Modesto during the study period. (Continued)

FIG. 2 Time history of PM_1.8 and PM_0.1 concentrations at Bakersfield during the study period. (Continued)

FIG. 3 Average nighttime (shaded bars) and daytime (dashed line) trace component size distributions at Modesto. (Continued)

FIG. 4 Average nighttime (shaded bars) and daytime (dashed lines) trace component size distributions at Bakersfield. (Continued)

TABLE 2 Correlation coefficients (R²) for particulate matter component size distributions measured at Modesto during the day (above the diagonal) and at night (below the diagonal)

	As	Cd	Bi	Br	Fe	S	Sb	Tl	K	V	Rb	Mn	Cl	NO3	SO4	OC	EC
As	1	0.99	0.89	0.98	0.74	0.92	0.91	0.92	1.00	0.96	0.99	0.68	0.60	0.79	0.89	0.97	0.97
Cd	1.00	1	0.92	0.99	0.71	0.94	0.94	0.90	0.99	0.97	0.99	0.69	0.55	0.84	0.93	0.97	0.97
Bi	0.70	0.71	1	0.93	0.63	0.99	0.96	0.87	0.89	0.84	0.90	0.77	0.62	0.96	0.99	0.90	0.88
Br	0.98	0.98	0.81	1	0.78	0.96	0.95	0.95	0.99	0.95	0.99	0.80	0.64	0.86	0.93	0.99	0.98
Fe	0.37	0.41	0.84	0.51	1	0.75	0.75	0.84	0.79	0.79	0.79	0.78	0.82	0.65	0.65	0.75	0.73
S	0.87	0.87	0.94	0.94	0.70	1	0.98	0.92	0.93	0.89	0.94	0.82	0.69	0.96	0.99	0.93	0.90
Sb	0.83	0.85	0.95	0.91	0.79	0.97	1	0.85	0.93	0.90	0.93	0.76	0.62	0.96	0.97	0.94	0.91
Tl	0.95	0.94	0.82	0.95	0.53	0.91	0.86	1	0.93	0.87	0.94	0.87	0.80	0.77	0.85	0.92	0.91
K	0.99	0.99	0.62	0.95	0.32	0.81	0.77	0.94	1	0.97	1.00	0.71	0.63	0.81	0.89	0.98	0.98
V	0.90	0.91	0.90	0.96	0.62	0.98	0.96	0.90	0.85	1	0.96	0.65	0.52	0.79	0.87	0.92	0.92
Rb	0.99	0.98	0.62	0.94	0.32	0.80	0.76	0.94	1.00	0.84	1	0.75	0.65	0.82	0.90	0.98	0.98
Mn	0.67	0.69	0.98	0.79	0.91	0.92	0.97	0.77	0.60	0.89	0.60	1	0.79	0.74	0.73	0.78	0.75
Cl	0.98	0.98	0.80	1.00	0.50	0.93	0.91	0.94	0.95	0.96	0.94	0.79	1	0.60	0.60	0.62	0.60
NO3	0.74	0.76	0.98	0.85	0.82	0.96	0.98	0.81	0.67	0.94	0.66	0.99	0.85	1	0.97	0.82	0.78
SO4	0.83	0.84	0.96	0.92	0.72	0.99	0.98	0.88	0.76	0.98	0.76	0.95	0.92	0.98	1	0.89	0.86
OC	0.96	0.96	0.72	0.97	0.47	0.88	0.87	0.91	0.94	0.89	0.94	0.73	0.98	0.78	0.85	1	1.00
EC	0.97	0.96	0.72	0.97	0.46	0.88	0.86	0.91	0.94	0.89	0.94	0.73	0.98	0.78	0.85	1.00	1

TABLE 3 Correlation coefficients (R²) for particulate matter component size distributions measured at Bakersfield. during the day (above the diagonal) and at night (below the diagonal)

	As	Cd	Bi	Br	Fe	S	Sb	Tl	K	V	Rb	Mn	Cl	NO3	SO4	OC	EC
As	1	0.97	0.94	0.96	0.90	0.91	0.92	0.83	0.99	0.84	1.00	0.98	0.90	0.83	0.91	0.96	0.97
Cd	0.98	1	0.99	0.95	0.88	0.92	0.93	0.90	0.97	0.88	0.97	0.98	0.93	0.83	0.90	0.98	0.99
Bi	0.76	0.85	1	0.91	0.88	0.89	0.90	0.94	0.94	0.84	0.95	0.95	0.88	0.78	0.85	0.96	0.96
Br	0.97	0.95	0.79	1	0.77	0.99	0.98	0.73	0.98	0.96	0.98	0.94	0.97	0.95	0.99	0.99	0.98
Fe	0.94	0.88	0.63	0.86	1	0.69	0.75	0.89	0.86	0.59	0.87	0.93	0.70	0.57	0.67	0.80	0.82
S	0.88	0.87	0.81	0.97	0.78	1	0.98	0.68	0.95	0.99	0.95	0.91	0.98	0.97	0.99	0.98	0.97
Sb	0.92	0.88	0.72	0.97	0.85	0.97	1	0.70	0.94	0.96	0.94	0.94	0.95	0.97	0.98	0.97	0.95
Tl	0.41	0.53	0.77	0.46	0.34	0.52	0.34	1	0.80	0.62	0.82	0.85	0.70	0.51	0.62	0.81	0.83
K	0.96	0.99	0.82	0.91	0.85	0.81	0.83	0.50	1	0.89	1.00	0.97	0.94	0.87	0.94	0.98	0.98
V	0.80	0.77	0.71	0.92	0.69	0.98	0.96	0.37	0.71	1	0.89	0.84	0.97	0.97	0.98	0.95	0.93
Rb	0.95	0.99	0.83	0.91	0.84	0.81	0.83	0.52	1.00	0.71	1	0.98	0.93	0.87	0.94	0.98	0.99
Mn	0.94	0.89	0.69	0.94	0.96	0.90	0.96	0.36	0.84	0.86	0.83	1	0.89	0.83	0.89	0.95	0.96
Cl	0.94	0.91	0.71	0.99	0.82	0.95	0.97	0.35	0.89	0.92	0.88	0.91	1	0.93	0.96	0.98	0.97
NO3	0.78	0.73	0.64	0.90	0.68	0.95	0.96	0.27	0.67	0.99	0.67	0.85	0.91	1	0.98	0.91	0.89
SO4	0.85	0.79	0.67	0.94	0.73	0.97	0.97	0.30	0.74	0.99	0.73	0.88	0.96	0.99	1	0.96	0.95
OC	0.83	0.90	0.85	0.87	0.62	0.84	0.80	0.57	0.91	0.77	0.92	0.69	0.87	0.73	0.76	1	1.00
EC	0.95	0.99	0.86	0.93	0.83	0.85	0.85	0.57	0.99	0.75	1.00	0.84	0.90	0.71	0.77	0.94	1

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