Aerodynamic and Mobility Size Distribution Measurements to Reveal Biodiesel Effects on Diesel Exhaust Aerosol

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Properties of the base diesel fuel and the biodiesel 10% vol. (B10) blends. The feedstock used for each B10 blend shown on the first row of the table

Properties	Diesel	Palm blend	Rapeseed blend	Sunflower blend	Used frying oil blend	Soybean blend	EN 590 limits	Test method
Viscosity (40°C, mm^2 s^−1)	3.61	3.81	4.0	3.89	4.21	3.97	2.00–4.50	EN ISO 3104
Density (15°C, g cm^−3)	0.834	0.838	0.841	0.839	0.839	0.838	0.820–0.845	EN ISO 3675
Flash point (°C)	71	67	65	67	64	66	55 min	EN 22719
Sulphur content (μg g^−1)	24	22	19	20	18	21	50 max	EN ISO 20846
Water content (μg g^−1)	52	65	78	62	97	118	200 max	EN ISO 12937
CFPP (°C)	–9	–7	–8	–9	–6	–8	+ 5 max	EN 116
Cetane number	55.5	55.5 ± 0.5 (within the accuracy limits of the measurement)					51 min	EN ISO 5165
Distillation curve								EN ISO 3405
IBP (°C)	179	182	185	183	178	180
10% (°C)	220	225	228	231	219	226
50% (°C)	281	290	298	297	276	289
90% (°C)	344	346	349	348	342	342
FBP (°C)	367	355	360	359	358	361
Heating value (MJ kg^−1)	45.6	44.9	44.6	44.7	44.8	44.8		IP 12

FIG. 1 Schematic of the setup employed for the measurement of airborne particle properties.

TABLE 2 Details of the aerosol sampling system

Component	Dilution ratio [-]	Residence time [s]	Operating temperature [°C]
CVS	3–22	2.5	Tamb
FPS-4000	12	0.3	Tamb
Ejector diluter	10	0.3	Tamb
Mixing stage	10	0.3	Tamb
Thermodenuder	—	0.3	250
CPC	12000 × CVS		Tamb
SMPS	120 × CVS		Tamb
ELPI	120 × CVS		Tamb + ∼10

FIG. 2 Particle size distributions at 50 km/h. (a) Normalized current-weighted size distributions of non-volatile particles measured by the ELPI. Error bars correspond to min-max of measured range. (b) Number-weighted size distribution of total particles measured by the SMPS.

TABLE 3 Estimated fractal dimension (DF) for the various blends

Fuel	Average DF (± range)	Sample size	t-test (p value)
Baseline	2.52 ± 0.04	11	—
Soybean	2.60 ± 0.01	6	0.00
Used frying oil	2.52 ± 0.02	6	0.71
Palm	2.62 ± 0.01	6	0.00
Sunflower	2.58 ± 0.03	6	0.01
Rapeseed	2.56 ± 0.01	6	0.01

FIG. 3 Particle number emissions over all cycles and steady state tests. Empty symbols correspond to tests with moderate speed/load. Solid symbols represent high speed testing (Artemis Motorway and 120 km/h).

FIG. 4 Particle mass emissions over all cycles. Empty symbols correspond to tests with moderate speed/load. Solid symbols correspond to Artemis Motorway.

TABLE 4 Volatile fraction (VF) of PM emitted with different fuels over the various cycles

	VF (%)
Fuel	NEDC	Urban	Road	Motorway
Baseline	1	9	3	6
Soybean	0	2	5	6
Used frying oil	0	5	0	0
Palm	1	5	0	17
Sunflower	0	1	5	11
Rapeseed	0	5	0	28