Figures & data
TABLE 1 EEPS sampling parameters
FIG. 1 Set-up for particle size distribution and gases measurement. (1) Exhaust pipe; (2) heater pipe; (3) dilutor test tube; (4) air dilution pipe; (5) hot diluted sample; (6) way out undiluted aerosol; (7) thermodilutor; (8) particle free and dry dilution air; (9) sample entry to EEPS; (10) EEPS; (11) flow meter; (12) on-board measurement system.
FIG. 2 Hypothetical route of the volatile organic compounds during two-step dilution. Phase diagram shows the concentration of volatile mass concentration vs. its temperature (CitationKasper 2004).
TABLE 2 Engine characteristics
FIG. 3 Rear of vehicle in which are some of the OBS components.
FIG. 4 Handling track. Facilities of the Spanish National Institute of Aerospace Technology (INTA).
FIG. 5 Stretches of the city center of Madrid selected for the experiments. The circles correspond to the stretches with radius of curvature used in section 4.3.
FIG. 6 Speed profile (right axis) and total number particle concentration (left axis) measured in the urban part of ECE15 driving cycle (6 repetitions).
TABLE 3 Results of repeatability of all studied emissions for the ECE15C driving cycle
FIG. 7 Speed profile, CO2, and total number particle concentration in one of the 6 experiments of the ECE15 driving cycle.
FIG. 8 (a) Comparison of average size distribution for the 3 repetitions with driver 1. (b) Comparison of average size distribution for the 3 repetitions with driver 2. Dp = particle diameter.
TABLE 4 Repeatability of number and size distribution in the facilities of INTA using different drivers
FIG. 9 Effect of the radius of curvature on the measurement stability.
FIG. 10 Effect of slope on the measurement stability.
FIG. 11 Effect interaction of speed and road surface on measurement stability.
FIG. 12 Comparison of average particle size distribution of the 3 repetitions in the urban circuit M-10.
