Quantification of a Mixture of Insoluble Submicrometer Particles and Dissolved Solids in Water using Membrane Filtration and Aerosolization Method

Figures & data

Figure 1 A schematic of the MF-DMA counting technique.

Figure 2 A single linear relationship between particle concentration in air (#/cm³) and water (#/ml), i.e., one universal line, for various types of insoluble particles and their mixture.

Table 1 The geometric mean diameters (GMDs) of airborne particles formed from dissolved solids (NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, and CaCl₂) in DI water

	Solution concentration (200 ppm)			Solution concentration (500 ppm)
	Conductivity* (μS/cm)	Ionic radius* (pm)	GMD (nm)	Conductivity* (μS/cm)	Ionic radius* (pm)	GMD (nm)
MgCl2	243	72 + 181	62.1	568	72 + 181	81.4
NaCl	408	102 + 181	77.6	983	102 + 181	85.6
KCl	400	138 + 181	82.2	921	138 + 181	94.2
CaCl2	458	100 + 181	111.4	1024	100 + 181	125.4

Figure 3 Size distributions of particles aerosolized from the CaCl₂ water solution as a function of solution concentration (ppm).

Figure 4 (a) Size distribution as a function of solution concentration; and (b) the relationship between the particle mass concentration in air (ug/m³) and water (ppm) for artificial seawater at various concentration levels.

Figure 5 A relationship between particle mass concentration in air (ug/m³) and water (ppm) for various dissolved solids (artificial seawater, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, and MgCl₂) and their mixtures (a 1:1 mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂, a 1:1 mixture of NaCl and KCl, and a 1:4 mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂).

Figure 6 TEM/EDS data for airborne particles from a mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂ solution.

Figure 7 Penetration of insoluble particles (60 nm, 90 nm, 135 nm, 300 nm, 430 nm, and 500 nm PSL particles) through the MF membrane with 0.45 μm pores.

Figure 8 Size distribution of airborne particles from artificial seawater (50 ppm), insoluble 300-nm PSL particles in DI water, and their mixture.

Figure 9 (a) Concentrations of insoluble submicrometer particles (#/ml); and (b) mass concentrations of dissolved solids (ppm) in seawater sampled in several locations in Korea.