Three-Dimensional Simulation of Exhaust Particle Dispersion and Concentration Fields in the Near-Wake Region of the Studied Ground Vehicle

Figures & data

FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of computational domain.

TABLE 1 Initial exit conditions at the vehicular exhaust tailpipe of the studied ground vehicle (Chan et al. 2007)

Case	Vehicle speed (km/h)	Exhaust gas velocity (m/s)	Exhaust gas temperature (K)
1	10	7.7	371.9
2	30	8.1	395.1
3	50	13.9	419.2
4	70	17.1	473.0

FIG. 2 Typical time-averaged temperature distribution of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, at Y = 0.5 m for Case 1 (i.e., 10 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 3 Time-averaged flow streamlines at (a) Y = 0 m and (b) Y = 0.5 m and time-averaged particle number concentration at (c) Y = 0 m and (d) Y = 0.5 m of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, for Case 1 (i.e., 10 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 4 Time-averaged particle number concentration behind the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZY, at (a) x/H = 0 (X = 8 m), (b) x/H = 1 (X = 9.8 m), (c) x/H = 2 (X = 11.6 m), and (d) x/H = 5 (X = 17 m) for Case 1 (i.e., 10 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 5 Time-averaged particle nucleation rate of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, at Y = 0.5 m for Case 1 (i.e., 10 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 6 RMS temperature of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, at Y = 0.5 m for Case 1 (i.e., 10 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 7 Time-averaged particle number concentration of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, at Y = 0.5 m for (a) Case 2 (i.e., 30 km/h), (b) Case 3 (i.e., 50 km/h), and (c) Case 4 (i.e., 70 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 8 Time-averaged particle nucleation rate of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, at Y = 0.5 m for (a) Case 2 (i.e., 30 km/h), (b) Case 3 (i.e., 50 km/h), and (c) Case 4 (i.e., 70 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

FIG. 9 Time-averaged particle volume concentration of the studied ground vehicle in the cross-sectional plane, ZX, at Y = 0.5 m for (a) Case 1 (i.e., 10 km/h), (b) Case 2 (i.e., 30 km/h), (c) Case 3 (i.e., 50 km/h), and (d) Case 4 (i.e., 70 km/h). (Figure provided in color online.)

Chan , T. L. , Ning , Z. , Wang , J. S. , Cheung , C. S. , Leung , C. W. and Hung , W. T. 2007 . Gaseous and Particle Emission Factors from the Selected on-Road Petrol/Gasoline, Diesel, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vehicles . Energ. Fuel. , 21 ( 5 ) : 2710 – 2718 .

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