Investigation on Particulate Oxidation from a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Three Fuels

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Specifications of the test engine

Model	ISUZU 4HF1
Type	In-line four-cylinder
Maximum power	88 kW/3200 rev/min
Maximum torque	285 Nm/1800 rev/min
Bore × stroke	112 mm × 110 mm
Displacement	4334/cc
Compression ratio	19.0:1
Fuel injection timing (BTDC)	8°
Injection pump type	Bosch in-line type
Injection nozzle	Hole type (with five orifices)

TABLE 2 Properties of test fuels

	ULSD	Biodiesel	LSD
Cetane number	52	51	51
Lower heating value (MJ/kg)	42.5	37.5	42.5
Density (kg/m^3) at 20°C	840	871	834
Viscosity (mPa s) at 40°C	2.4	4.6	3.03
Heat of evaporation (kJ/kg)	250–290	300	280
Carbon content (%wt)	86.6	77.1	87.4
Oxygen content (%wt)	0	10.8	0
Aromatic content (%wt)	11	0	27.7
Sulfur content (mg/kg)	<10	<10	400

FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

TABLE 3 Engine operation condition, exhaust gas temperature (exhaust temp.), air fuel ratio (A/F), and gaseous and PM emissions

	BMEP	Torque	Exhaust		CO	THC*	NO x	PM
	(MPa)	(Nm)	temp. (°C)	A/F	(g/kW h)	(g/kW h)	(g/kW h)	(mg/kW h)
ULSD	0.08	30	198	89.4	14.44	2.89	10.24	393.7
	0.2	60	244	60.9	6.68	1.05	6.92	207.7
	0.38	120	341	39.8	3.36	0.49	6.39	155.1
	0.55	200	497	28.4	1.46	0.27	5.92	322.4
	0.7	240	585	22.1	1.03	0.19	5.84	484.7
Biodiesel	0.08	30	193	75.1	13.74	1.32	11.16	372.5
	0.2	60	237	55.4	6.63	0.65	7.51	185.3
	0.38	120	337	35.9	3.25	0.38	6.63	138.7
	0.55	200	482	24.5	1.23	0.17	6.49	166.7
	0.7	240	560	19.9	0.81	0.12	6.06	285.8
LSD	0.08	30	191	82.8	15.80	1.08	10.62	425.9
	0.2	60	248	60.7	7.48	0.46	6.55	218.2
	0.38	120	330	39.8	3.68	0.31	6.14	243.1
	0.55	200	498	26.9	1.40	0.19	6.11	385.6
	0.7	240	590	21.6	1.02	0.13	5.78	753.5
*THC: total hydrocarbon.

TABLE 4 TGA heating program

1	Initial atmosphere: argon
2	Isothermal for 10 min
3	Ramp 3°C/min to 45°C
4	Ramp 10°C/min to 400°C
5	Changing atmosphere: air
6	Ramp 10°C/min to 800°C
7	Isothermal for 10 min

FIG. 2 Effect of fuel type and engine load on the TNC and GMD of particle emission.

TABLE 5 Effect of fuel type and engine load on mean size and nanostructure parameters of primary particles

	BMEP (MPa)	Dp (SD) (nm)	La (SD) (nm)	Tf (SD)	Ds (SD) (nm)
ULSD	0.08	23.8 (5.4)	0.795 (0.0324)	1.202 (0.0349)	0.376 (0.0129)
	0.7	25.3 (7.6)	0.880 (0.1079)	1.091 (0.0304)	0.365 (0.0145)
Biodiesel	0.08	21.4 (3.6)	0.695 (0.0826)	1.279 (0.0382)	0.373 (0.0244)
	0.7	23.1 (8.1)	0.746 (0.0298)	1.231 (0.0409)	0.369 (0.0118)
LSD	0.08	22.9 (4.9)	0.784 (0.0699)	1.281 (0.0418)	0.374 (0.0097)
	0.7	26.0 (7.5)	0.888 (0.0796)	1.093 (0.0432)	0.365 (0.0178)

FIG. 3 HRTEM images of primary particles. BMEP = 0.7 MPa: (a) ULSD; (b) biodiesel; (c) LSD; BMEP = 0.08 MPa; (d) ULSD; (e) biodiesel; (f) LSD.

FIG. 4 Effect of fuel type on mass loss obtained from TGA for particulate samples collected at high (BMEP = 0.7 MPa) and low engine load (BMEP = 0.08 MPa).

FIG. 5 Effect of engine load and fuel type on the (a) brake-specific emission and (b) mass fraction of volatile substances.

TABLE 6 Effect of fuel type and engine load on kinetic parameters of the particulate samples

	ULSD		Biodiesel		LSD
BMEP (MPa)	E (kJ/mol)	A (s^−1)	E (kJ/mol)	A (s^−1)	E (kJ/mol)	A (s^−1)
0.08	142	1.70E+07	76	1.42E+03	133	7.33E+06
0.2	149	2.65E+07	87	5.41E+03	150	5.62E+07
0.38	147	3.21E+07	116	4.56E+05	146	3.27E+07
0.55	167	2.46E+08	117	5.82E+05	149	3.03E+07
0.7	175	9.48E+08	127	9.87E+07	162	9.17E+07

FIG. 6 Curve of DSC signal derivative used for the identification of ignition temperature.

FIG. 7 Effect of fuel type and engine load on particle ignition temperature. (Color figure available online.)

FIG. 8 Kinetic analysis of the mass loss rates. Thick lines, A–F as shown in the inset, show the current work. From top to bottom: (A) biodiesel particle collected at 0.08 MPa; (B) LSD particle collected at 0.08 MPa; (C) ULSD particle collected at 0.08 MPa; (D) biodiesel particle collected at 0.7 MPa; (E) LSD particle collected at 0.7 MPa; (F) ULSD particle collected at 0.7 MPa. Thin lines show previous works: (a) Jung et al. (2005), 25 ppm cerium-dosed case (107 kJ/mol); (b) Jung et al. (2003), lube-oil-dosed case (101 kJ/mol); (c) Jung et al. (2006), pure biodiesel (89 kJ/mol); (d) Higgins et al. (2002) using diffusion flame-generated soot (164 kJ/mol); (e) Higgins et al. (2003), diesel particles with regular diesel fuel (108 kJ/mol); (f) Miyamoto et al. (1988) TGA of uncatalyzed diesel soot (191 kJ/mol); (g) Otto et al. (1980) TGA of diesel particles (142 ± 21 kJ/mol); (h) Ahlström and Odenbrand (1989) flow reactor study of diesel particles (106 ± 7 kJ/mol). (Color figure available online.)

FIG. 9 Correlation between particulate ignition temperature and volatile mass fraction. (Color figure available online.)

Jung , H. , Kittelson , D. B. and Zachariah , M. R. 2005 . The Influence of a Cerium Additive on Ultrafine Diesel Particle Emissions and Kinetics of Oxidation . Combust. Flame , 142 : 276 – 288 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jung , H. , Kittelson , D. B. and Zachariah , M. R. 2006 . Characteristics of SME Biodiesel-Fueled Diesel Particle Emissions and the Kinetics of Oxidation . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 4949 – 4955 .

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jung , H. , Kittelson , D. B. and Zachariah , M. R. 2003 . The Influence of Engine Lubricating Oil on Diesel Nanoparticle Emissions and Kinetics of Oxidation , SAE Technical Paper Series No. 2003–2001-3179 Warrendale , PA : SAE International .

 Google Scholar

Higgins , K. J. , Jung , H. , Kittelson , D. B. , Roberts , J. T. and Zachariah , M. R. 2002 . Size-Selected Nanoparticle Chemistry: Kinetics of Soot Oxidation . J. Phys. Chem. A , 106 : 96 – 103 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Higgins , K. J. , Jung , H. , Kittelson , D. B. , Roberts , J. T. and Zachariah , M. R. 2003 . Kinetics of Diesel Nanoparticle Oxidation . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 1949 – 1954 .

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Miyamoto , N. , Hou , Z. and Ogawa , H. 1988 . Catalytic Effects of Metallic Fuel Additives on Oxidation Characteristics of Trapped Diesel Soot , SAE Technical Paper Series No. 881224 Warrendale , PA : SAE International .

 Google Scholar

Otto , K. , Sieg , M. H. , Zinbo , M. and Bartosiewicz , L. 1980 . The Oxidation of Soot Deposits from Diesel Engines , SAE Technical Paper Series No. 800336 Warrendale , PA : SAE International .

 Google Scholar

Ahlström , A. F. and Odenbrand , C. U. I. 1989 . Combustion Characteristics of Soot Deposits from Diesel Engines . Carbon , 3 : 475

 Google Scholar