Figures & data
FIG. 1. Response of A549 epithelial cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP (•) and its organic extract (○) as judged by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cells analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level.
![FIG. 1. Response of A549 epithelial cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP (•) and its organic extract (○) as judged by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cells analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level.](/cms/asset/a974553a-b933-4343-bd9e-2a0f36b188d6/uast_a_1053559_f0001_b.gif)
FIG. 2. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and necrosis in A549 cell populations as judged by Annexin and PI staining. Columns represent percent of cell population existing as live (□), apoptotic (▪), or necrotic (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials; each includes a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) A549 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP concentrations. (b) A549 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP extract concentrations.
![FIG. 2. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and necrosis in A549 cell populations as judged by Annexin and PI staining. Columns represent percent of cell population existing as live (□), apoptotic (▪), or necrotic (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials; each includes a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) A549 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP concentrations. (b) A549 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP extract concentrations.](/cms/asset/86f22c9a-60c8-4b9c-b025-15b945a4ffd8/uast_a_1053559_f0002_b.gif)
FIG. 3. Response of GDM-1 immature macrophage cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP (▴) and its organic extract (Δ) as judged by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level.
![FIG. 3. Response of GDM-1 immature macrophage cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP (▴) and its organic extract (Δ) as judged by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level.](/cms/asset/c496eeec-c11b-4e31-ac6b-d5799ffca1b5/uast_a_1053559_f0003_b.gif)
FIG. 4. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and necrosis in GDM-1 cell populations as judged by Annexin and PI staining. Columns represent percent of cell population existing as live (□), apoptotic (▪), or necrotic (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) GDM-1 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP concentrations. (b) GDM-1 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP extract concentrations.
![FIG. 4. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and necrosis in GDM-1 cell populations as judged by Annexin and PI staining. Columns represent percent of cell population existing as live (□), apoptotic (▪), or necrotic (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) GDM-1 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP concentrations. (b) GDM-1 cells after 24 h exposure to a range of DEP extract concentrations.](/cms/asset/86e57be2-e8f3-4d49-afc6-c5f3711cc389/uast_a_1053559_f0004_b.gif)
FIG. 5. Flow cytometric analysis of A549 population cell cycle distributions based on DNA content histograms, following 24 h of exposure to DEP or extract. Columns represent percent of cell population in the following cell cycle phases: the sum of S+G2+Mitotic (▪) and G1 (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) DNA content histogram following 24 h exposure to intact DEP. (b) DNA content histogram following 24 h exposure to DEP extract.
![FIG. 5. Flow cytometric analysis of A549 population cell cycle distributions based on DNA content histograms, following 24 h of exposure to DEP or extract. Columns represent percent of cell population in the following cell cycle phases: the sum of S+G2+Mitotic (▪) and G1 (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) DNA content histogram following 24 h exposure to intact DEP. (b) DNA content histogram following 24 h exposure to DEP extract.](/cms/asset/cd86a85f-171c-45e9-bce9-662229dcb040/uast_a_1053559_f0005_b.gif)
FIG. 6. Flow cytometric analysis of GDM-1 population cell cycle distributions based on DNA content histograms. Columns represent percent of cell population in the following cell cycle phases: the sum of S+G2+Mitotic (▪) and G1 (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) DNA historgrams following 24 h of exposure to DEP. (b) DNA historgrams following 24 h of exposure to DEP extracts.
![FIG. 6. Flow cytometric analysis of GDM-1 population cell cycle distributions based on DNA content histograms. Columns represent percent of cell population in the following cell cycle phases: the sum of S+G2+Mitotic (▪) and G1 (▪). Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences at a 95% confidence level. (a) DNA historgrams following 24 h of exposure to DEP. (b) DNA historgrams following 24 h of exposure to DEP extracts.](/cms/asset/c3bf0164-d610-4d83-8abd-5f17a6e51a84/uast_a_1053559_f0006_b.gif)
FIG. 7. Image of western blots showing p53 accumulation in cells exposed to DEP and DEP extracts at different concentrations, following 24 h exposures. Loading was normalized by nucleolin, and response was positively controlled by inducing DNA damage with 10 μM Nutlin (positive control). (a) A549 cells; (b) GDM-1 cells.
![FIG. 7. Image of western blots showing p53 accumulation in cells exposed to DEP and DEP extracts at different concentrations, following 24 h exposures. Loading was normalized by nucleolin, and response was positively controlled by inducing DNA damage with 10 μM Nutlin (positive control). (a) A549 cells; (b) GDM-1 cells.](/cms/asset/10852a39-8971-4c34-bd72-ccc14c553eef/uast_a_1053559_f0007_b.gif)
FIG. 8. Intracellular ROS response of cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP (□) and its organic extract as indicated by fluorescence intensity. Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences from respective controls at a 95% confidence level. (a) A549 cell responses; (b) GDM-1 cell responses.
![FIG. 8. Intracellular ROS response of cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP (□) and its organic extract as indicated by fluorescence intensity. Error bars represent pooled standard deviation of three independent trials, each of which include a minimum of 104 cell analyzed. *Indicates significant differences from respective controls at a 95% confidence level. (a) A549 cell responses; (b) GDM-1 cell responses.](/cms/asset/f3b42a94-a990-4c92-af0c-e0effe904d06/uast_a_1053559_f0008_b.gif)