Lead and/or Lead Oxide Nanoparticle Generation for Inhalation Experiments

Figures & data

FIG. 1. Scheme of arrangements of the reactor inlet section.

FIG. 2. Scheme of the apparatus: (1) deoxygenator, (2) dryer, (CV) control valve, (D) diluter, (F) filter, (M) electronic mass flow meter, (N) aerosol neutralizer Am²⁴¹, (P) pressure reducing valve, (S) saturator, (SF) sampling filter, and (VP) vacuum pump.

FIG. 3. Time dependence of number concentration (N_t) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of NPs generated by pyrolysis of PbTHD2 at given experimental conditions: 1 scan = 5 min, vertical gray bars highlight sampling periods, F denotes Ag filter, FT denotes PTFE filter, and FQ denotes quartz filter.

FIG. 4. Time dependence of N_t and GMD of NPs generated by oxidation of PbTHD2 at given experimental conditions: 1 scan = 5 min, vertical gray bars highlight sampling periods, F denotes Ag filter, FT denotes PTFE filter, and FQ denotes quartz filter.

FIG. 5. Time dependence of N_t and GMD of NPs generated by E/C of metallic Pb at given T_R and Q_R: 1 scan = 5 min, vertical gray bars highlight sampling periods, F denotes Ag filter, FT denotes PTFE filter, and FZ denotes Zefluor filter.

FIG. 6. TEM image and EDS spectrum of the sample of NPs synthesized by pyrolysis of PbTHD2 at T_R = 500°C, Q_R = 1100 cm³/min, and P_PbTHD2 = 0.21 Pa.

FIG. 7. TEM image and EDS spectrum of the sample of NPs synthesized by pyrolysis of PbTHD2 at T_R = 650°C, Q_R = 1000 cm³/min, and P_PbTHD2 = 0.13 Pa.

FIG. 8. SEM image and EDS spectrum of the sample of NPs synthesized by oxidation of PbTHD2 at T_R = 480°C, Q_R = 1400 cm³/min, P_PbTHD2 = 2.20 Pa, and c_O = 5 vol. %.

FIG. 9. SEM image and EDS spectrum of the sample of NPs synthesized by E/C of metallic Pb at T_R = 860°C and Q_R = 1000 cm³/min.

TABLE 1 Experimental conditions of sample preparation and results of AAS analyses

Sample No.	Process	TR [°C]	TS [°C]	QR [cm^3/min]	QS [cm^3/min]	PPbTHD2 or PPb [Pa]	cO [vol. %]	Sample mass [μg]	Pb content [mass %]
PbTHD3FT	Pyrolysis	600	102.2	800	80	0.11	—	26	60.6
PbTHD9FT	Pyrolysis	550	105.5	1000	150	0.24	—	61	45.7
PbTHD10FT	Pyrolysis	500	105.8	1000	150	0.24	—	167	53.6
PbTHD13FT	Pyrolysis	600	105.1	1000	150	0.23	—	245	51.5
PbTHD19FT	Oxidation	480	122.5	1400	250	1.48	10	38	83.6
Pb22FT	E/C	850	—	800	—	18.60^a	—	162	79.4
Pb24FT	E/C	850	—	1000	—	18.60^a	—	514	79.7

^aEquilibrium values for given T_R, Equation (2)[2] .

T_R, reactor temperature; T_S, saturator temperature; Q_R, reactor flow rate; Q_S, saturator flow rate; c_O, oxygen concentration.

FIG. 10. XRD pattern of the sample Pb25F synthesized by E/C of metallic Pb at T_R = 860°C and Q_R = 1000 cm³/min.