Evaluation of portable dilution system for aerosol measurement from stationary and mobile combustion sources

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic of dilution sampling system including dilution tunnel, duct, particle sampling probe, multistream particle sampler, zero air assembly, and power supply unit.

Figure 2. Total number and volume concentration of NaCl particles and change in concentration at different dilution ratio. The bars in plots (a) and (c) show total number and volume concentrations averaged from three experiments without dilution tunnel (WODT) and with dilution tunnel operated at different dilution ratios (30:1 to 90:1). The triangular legends indicate the change in number and volume concentrations due to presence of dilution tunnel operated at different dilution ratio. The plots (b) and (d) show the normalized number and volume concentrations distribution for without dilution tunnel and with dilution tunnel operated at different dilution ratios.

Figure 3. Variation of CO₂ at different points in radial direction measured in gasifier cookstove experiments conducted at different dilution ratios.

Table 1. Emission factor of PM_2.5 and relative contribution of chemical components for wood combustion in gasifier cookstove.

Species		Present Study			Literature*
Dilution ratio (in dilution tunnel)	50:1	75:1	108:1	134:1
Dilution ratio (in duct)	56 ± 21	70 ± 5.0	85 ± 11	80 ± 15
PM2.5 (gkg^−1)	5.6 ± 0.5	7.4 ± 0.4	6.4 ± 0.2	6.9 ± 0.6	3.8 (0.7-13.4)^a,b-h
Chemical Species (%)
EC	9.8 ± 1.4	12.5 ± 1.2	19.9 ± 1.6	22.4 ± 3.9	36.6 (18.8–41)^g,h,i
OC	59.1 ± 3.8	56.8 ± 3.1	52.6 ± 3.3	50.7 ± 1.5	49.4 (11.9–62.5)^a,b-h
K^+	0.60 ± 0.27	0.90 ± 0.02	1.55 ± 0.54	2.05 ± 1.42	1.40 (0.08 – 3.70)^a-c,e-f, i,
Na^+	0.81 ± 0.22	0.37 ± 0.20	0.82 ± 0.43	1.24 ± 0.51	0.53 (0.01– 2.51)^a-f,i
NH4^+	0.55 ± 0.45	0.50 ± 0.25	0.81 ± 0.59	2.31 ± 0.36	1.510 (0.002 – 13.200)^a-f,i
Ca^2+	0.01 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.04	0.35 (0.00 – 1.320)^a,i-k
Mg^2+	0.75 ± 0.19	0.53 ± 0.20	0.88 ± 0.37	0.81 ± 0.39	0.08 (0.00 – 0.33)^a,i-k
Total Cations	2.70 ± 0.60	2.40 ± 0.40	4.10 ± 0.98	6.40 ± 1.60
Cl^−	0.40 ± 0.41	0.33 ± 0.21	1.15 ± 0.68	0.91 ± 0.56	1.65 (0.06 – 6.44)^a-f,i
NO3^−	0.40 ± 0.25	1.25 ± 0.92	1.52 ± 0.59	0.66 ± 0.30	0.81 (0.00 – 4.97)^a-f,i
SO4^2−	0.51 ± 0.16	0.97 ± 0.03	0.85 ± 0.38	1.07 ± 0.37	1.10 (0.00 – 9.39)^a-f,i
Total Anions	1.30 ± 0.50	2.50 ± 0.98	3.50 ± 0.52	2.60 ± 0.74
Total Ions	4.1 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 1.1	7.6 ± 1.4	9.0 ± 1.8	7.42 (0.18–41.80)
Total all species (%)	73.0 ± 4.1	74.2 ± 3.5	80.1 ± 3.8	82.1 ± 4.6	81.6 (51.4–158.3)

*Literature for wood combustion in traditional and advance stoves was compiled; ^aSen et al. (2014); ^b,c,dFine et al. (2004, 2002, 2001); ^eSchauer et al. (2001);^fSheesley et al. (2003); ^gJust et al. (2013); ^hHabib et al. (2008); ⁱShahid et al. (2015); ^jZhang et al. (2012); ^kSchmidl et al. (2008).

Figure 4. (a) Average PM_2.5 emission factors and residence time for wood fuel combustion in gasifier cookstove; (b) average PM_2.5 emission factors and residence time from light duty diesel vehicle.

Table 2. Emission factor of PM_2.5 and relative contribution of chemical components for light duty diesel vehicle.

	Present Study				Literature
Species dilution ratio	39:1	65:1	96:1	144:1	LDV	MDV/HDV
PM2.5 (mg km^−1)	221	229	134	139	92.0 (9-351)^a-e	1761 (958-2564)^a
Chemical species (%)
EC	7.2	7.4	12.9	13.4	55.3 (23.9 69.0)^a,f,g	60.0 (28.2 – 95.6)^a, e-h
OC	58.1	61.0	55.6	55.0	20.8 (7.0 – 33.0)^a,b,c	13.0 (0.0 – 25.0)^a,e,h
NH4^+	2.27	1.25	4.17	0.75	0.20 (0.0 – 0.41)^a,b	0.160 (0.001– 0.840)^b,h,i
Na^+	1.11	0.68	0.49	0.91	0.10 (0.0 – 0.98)^a,b	0.19 (0.00 – 0.78)^b
K^+	0.47	0.90	0.47	1.72	0.06 (0.0 – 0.61)^a,b	0.02 (0.00 – 0.41)^a
Ca^2+	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.08 (0.0 – 2.7)^a,b	0.52 (0.00 – 2.50)^a,h
Mg^2+	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.12	0.13 (0.0 – 0.91)^a,b	0.28 (0.00 – 0.98)^a,
Total Cations	3.85	2.83	5.12	3.38
NO3^−	0.88	0.16	0.19	0.62	0.31 (0.0 –1.5)^a,b	0.62 (0.00 – 1.50)^a,e,h
SO4^2−	0.33	0.19	0.33	0.78	0.82 (0.0 – 4.8)^a,b,c	1.56 (0.00 – 4.72)^a,e,f,h
Cl^−	0.11	0.12	0.25	0.82	0.02 (0.0 – 1.0)^a,b	0.11 (0.00 – 4.90)^a,h
Total Anions	1.31	0.47	0.77	2.22
Total Ions	5.16	3.29	5.89	5.60	1.72 (0.00-12.91)	3.460 (0.001-16.630)
Total all Species (%)	70.5	71.7	74.4	74.0

DR = Dilution ratio; ^aKim Oanh et al. (2010); ^bChiang et al. (2012); ^cCheung et al. (2010); ^dCheng et al. (2010); ^eGeller et al. (2005); ^fKirchstetter et al. (1999); ^gBan-weiss et al. (2008); ^hSchauer et al. (1999); ⁱKam et al. (2012).

Figure 5. (a) Variation in emission factors of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and total carbon (TC) measured on quartz filters for gasifier cook stove experiments conducted at different dilution ratios. Q is the sum of OC on front quartz (FQ) and back up quartz (QBQ), particulate OC is estimated as Q-QBT (quartz behind Teflon). (b) The variation of EC, OC and TC with dilution ratios for light duty diesel vehicle. The error bars are estimated using maximum (25%) variation in OC, EC measured on three punches of one quartz filter.

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