Direct radiative impacts of desert dust on atmospheric water content

Figures & data

Figure 1. Locations of the stations used for model evaluation using surface relative humidity data.

Table 1. Statistical parameters: BIAS, RMSE, correlation coefficient, NME and NMB for the entire period of simulations (January 2014–December 2015) with dust effects (WDE) and without dust effects (NDE) for relative humidity, for 6 different surface stations (Doha, Jeddah, Gizan, Al-Jouf, Kuwait, Hail).

Station		BIAS	RMSE	Correlation	NME (%)	NMB (%)
Doha	WDE	8.43	15.85	0.819	23.77	14.25
	NDE	10.53	17.47	0.804	25.97	18.56
Jeddah	WDE	−0.06	14.41	0.681	18.7	−8.8
	NDE	0.21	15.07	0.677	18.8	−9.7
Gizan	WDE	0.4	10.39	0.67	12.69	1.41
	NDE	1.53	11	0.681	13.44	3.04
Al-Jouf	WDE	−4.75	10.74	0.858	23.65	−14.43
	NDE	−4.96	10.83	0.858	23.86	−14.96
Kuwait	WDE	1.09	12.18	0.865	25.82	−12.79
	NDE	1.24	12.37	0.863	26.58	−13.91
Hail	WDE	−13.2	17.86	0.838	33.93	−32.58
	NDE	−13.6	18.01	0.841	35.18	−32.59

Figure 2. Dust load as average during the entire simulation period (January 2014–December 2015), from the WDE simulation.

Figure 3. Averaged difference (WDE–NDE) in the incoming shortwave (a) and longwave (b) radiation at the surface.

Figure 4. Averaged difference of the model simulations (WDE – NDE) in the temperature at 2 m (a), and column integrated water load (b).

Figure 5. Averaged vertical distribution of (a) dust concentration from the WDE simulation, (b) differences in vertical temperature, (c) differences in vertical rain ratio, and (d) differences in water mass between the model simulations (WDE–NDE) along the 15°N pathway for the entire simulation period (January 2014–December 2015).