Numerical analysis of enhanced nano-drug delivery to the olfactory bulb

Figures & data

Figure 1. Human nasal cavity with the olfactory bulb (Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator (labeled by was_a_bee). Head olfactory nerve – olfactory bulb en, CC BY 2.5).

Figure 2. Transport across the blood brain barrier (Wong et al. 2019).

Figure 3. Nasal cavity geometry.

Figure 4. Zoomed in figures of the (a) nasal cavity mesh and (b) mesh slice of a plane of the nasal cavity.

Figure 5. Nasal geometry with the specific regions that will be represented in the Particle Release Map.

Table 1. Legend correlating the color to the specific region.

Color	Region
Blue	Nasal vestibule
Red	Olfactory
Yellow	Middle Meatus
Green	Inferior Meatus
Magenta	Nasopharynx

Figure 6. Initial injection position of particles, i.e., Normal injection.

Figure 7. PRM of (a)1 nm, (b) 10 nm, (c) 100 nm, and (d) 500 nm particles for the flowrate of 5 lpm.

Figure 8. ODE using (a) normal injection and (b) targeted injection for the flowrate of 5 lpm.

Figure 9. Deposition pattern of 10 nm particles for a flowrate of 5 lpm due to (a) normal injection and (b) targeted injection.

Figure 10. PRM of (a)1 nm, (b) 10 nm, (c) 100 nm, and (d) 500 nm particles for the flowrate of 20 lpm.

Figure 11. ODE using (a) normal injection and (b) targeted injection for the flowrate of 20 lpm.

Figure 12. Deposition pattern of 10 nm particles for a flowrate of 20 lpm due to (a) normal injection and (b) targeted injection.

Table 2. Comparison of olfactory deposition efficiency between normal and targeted injection.

Olfactory deposition efficiency
Flowrate (lpm)	5		10		15		20
Size (nm)	Normal	Targeted	Normal	Targeted	Normal	Targeted	Normal	Targeted
1	2.312	33.27	3.894	49.523	3.97	41.187	3.728	53.207
10	0.79	20.785	.457	34.128	.4171	26.406	.401	28.429
100	0.0275	16.567	.03	8.064	.048	29.313	.068	8.732
500	.002	10.123	.0375	7.214	.043	5.885	.052	3.807

Figure 13. Positioning of the cannula outside (https://www.sharn.com/co2levels/p/CapnoSureEtCO2AdultNasalCannulas/) and inside the nasal cavity.

Wong, K. H., M. K. Riaz, Y. Xie, X. Zhang, Q. Liu, H. Chen, and Z. Yang. 2019. Review of current strategies for delivering Alzheimer’s disease drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20 (2):381. doi:10.3390/ijms20020381.

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