Metabolic syndrome is associated with self-perceived depression

Figures & data

Table I.  Lapinlahti 2005 study: Subjects in the original study sample, respondents to the postal questionnaire survey, study subjects included in the complete health survey, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) respondents.

	Original sample (n = 760)		Respondents to postal questionnaire (n = 594)				Participants in health survey (n = 480)				BDI–21 respondents(n = 442)				BDI–21 respondents with complete questionnaires (n = 416)
	Men	Women	Men		Women		Men		Women		Men		Women		Men		Women
Year of birth	n	n	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample	n	% of original sample
1939	32	41	25	78.1	37	90.2	23	71.9	33	80.5	23	71.9	31	75.6	22	68.8	30	73.2
1944	38	34	35	92.1	27	79.4	28	73.7	23	67.6	25	65.8	22	64.7	23	60.5	21	61.8
1949	82	69	68	82.9	60	87.0	55	67.1	51	73.9	53	64.6	47	68.1	45	54.9	45	65.2
1954	64	57	43	67.2	47	82.5	32	50.0	41	71.9	30	46.9	37	64.9	29	45.3	34	59.6
1959	48	50	35	72.9	40	80.0	28	58.3	32	64.0	24	50.0	30	60.0	23	47.9	28	56.0
1964	49	45	37	75.5	34	75.6	27	55.1	28	62.2	22	44.9	23	51.1	21	42.9	22	48.9
1969	41	43	27	65.9	31	72.1	22	53.7	27	62.8	19	46.3	26	60.5	19	46.3	24	55.8
1974	39	28	25	64.1	23	82.1	15	38.5	15	53.6	15	38.5	15	53.6	15	38.5	15	53.6
Total	393	367	295	75.1	299	81.5	230	58.5	250	68.1	211	53.7	231	62.9	197	50.1	219	59.7

Table II.  Lapinlahti 2005 study: Basic characteristics of the subjects with complete BDI-21 questionnaire data (n = 416).

	All (n = 416)	*MetS absent (n = 263)	*MetS present (n = 153)	p-value
Age in years^1	50.4 (10.5)	48.5 (10.4)	53.7 (9.8)	<0.001
Gender male/female (%)	47/53	46/54	50/50	0.47
Marital status (% single, divorced or widowed)^2	18	16	22	0.152
Vocational education (% lower-level education)^3	69	64	77	0.006
Employment status (% unemployed or retired)^4	29	26	34	0.114
On antidepressive medication (%)	3	2	5	0.195
On diabetes medication (%)	5	2	9	0.002
On antihypertensive medication (%)	23	11	43	<0.001
On lipid medication (%)	14	9	22	<0.001
Waist circumference in men (cm)^1	98.3 (12.0)	92.2 (8.0)	108.0 (10.9)	<0.001
Waist circumference in women (cm)^1	84.5 (13.5)	77.4 (8.1)	97.2 (11.6)	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^1	138.9 (18.6)	135.2 (18.1)	145.0 (17.9)	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^1	82.7(10.4)	80.6 (10.0)	86.4 (10.2)	<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)^1	5.57 (1.19)	5.26 (0.96)	6.10 (1.37)	<0.001
HDL-cholesterol in men (mmol/l)^1	1.09 (0.33)	1.22 (0.30)	0.89 (0.28)	<0.001
HDL-cholesterol in women (mmol/l)^1	1.40 (0.43)	1.55 (0.40)	1.11 (0.31)	<0.001
Serum triglyceride (mmol/l)^1	1.36 (0.80)	1.04 (0.41)	1.89 (0.97)	<0.001
BDI-21 score^1	6.07 (6.70)	5.49 (6.37)	7.07 (7.14)	<0.020

Notes: BDI-21: Beck Depression Inventory (21 items). *MetS: Metabolic syndrome. NCEP 2005 criteria. At least three of the five of the following criteria classified the subject as having MetS: p-glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L and/or use of diabetes medication or previous diagnosis of adult type diabetes; s-triglyceride level ≥1.7 mmol/L and/or medication; s-HDL cholesterol < 1.0 mmol/L in men and<1.3 mmol/l in women and/or medication; systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive drug(s); waist circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women, ¹Values given as means (SD). ²Marital status: single, divorced, or widowed vs. married or cohabiting. ³Vocational education: low-level vocational education or none vs. higher-level vocational education or university degree. ⁴Employment status: employed vs. unemployed or retired.

Figure 1.  Lapinlahti 2005 study: BDI-21 profiles by metabolic syndrome (MetS) status (n = 416).

Table III.  Lapinlahti 2005 study: Odds ratios of men for high BDI-21 total score (cut-off point of 14/15) in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Variable	Included in analysis (n)	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)
Continuous	193	1.057(0.986;1.133)	0.116
Marital status
Married, cohabiting = 0,	151	1
Single, divorced, or widowed = 1	42	2.231 (0.678;7.337)	0.194
Vocational education
High = 0,	38	1
Low = 1	155	2.344 (0.267;20.533)	0.442
Employment status
Employed = 0	135	1
Unemployed/retired = 1	58	1.739 (0.5560;5.399)	0.339
MetS status
MetS absent	118	1
MetS present	75	2.339 (0.433;12.645)	0.324
Waist circumference (cm)
Continuous	193	1.036 (0.974;1.103)	0.258
Fasting p-glucose (mmol/l)
Continuous	193	1.697 (1.185;2.430)	0.004
s-HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)
Continuous	193	0.186 (0.026;1.348)	0.096
s-triglyceride (mmol/l)
Continuous	193	0.338 (0.106;1.079)	0.067
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Continuous	193	0.979 (0.933;1028)	0.397
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Continuous	193	1.069 (0.987;1.158)	0.100

The following variables were entered into the model: Age: continuous variable; Marital status: single, divorced, or widowed vs. married or cohabiting; Vocational education: low vocational education or none vs. higher vocational education or university degree; Employment status: unemployed or retired vs. employed; Waist circumference: continuous variable; Fasting plasma glucose level: continuous variable; Serum HDL-cholesterol level: continuous variable; Serum triglyceride level: continuous variable; Systolic blood pressure: continuous variable; Diastolic blood pressure: continuous variable.

Table IV.  Lapinlahti 2005 study: Odds ratios of women for high BDI-21 total score (cut-off point of 14/15) in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Variable	Included in analysis (n)	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)
Continuous	206	0.974 (0.911;1.041)	0.436
Marital status
Married, cohabiting = 0	175	0.806 (0.199;3.271)	0.763
Single, divorced, or widowed = 1	31	1	0.194
Vocational education
High = 0	85	1
Low = 1	121	3.593 (0.947;13.638)	0.060
Employment status
Employed = 0	147	1
Unemployed/retired = 1	59	2.136 (0.673;6.779)	0.198
MetS status
MetS absent = 0	132	1
MetS present = 1	74	2.386 (0.452;12.586)	0.305
Waist circumference (cm)
Continuous	206	1.066 (1.009;1.127)	0.024
Fasting p-glucose (mmol/l)
Continuous	206	1.467 (0.759;2.835)	0.255
s-HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)
Continuous	206	1.148 (0.272;4.844)	0.851
s-triglyceride (mmol/l)
Continuous	206	1.058 (0.552;2.028)	0.864
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Continuous	206	0.976 (0.928;1.025)	0.331
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Continuous	206	1.033 (0.950;1.124)	0.451

The following variables were entered into the model: Age: continuous variable; Marital status: single, divorced, or widowed vs. married or cohabiting; Vocational education: low vocational education or none vs. higher vocational education or university degree; Employment status: unemployed or retired vs. employed; Waist circumference: continuous variable; Fasting plasma glucose level: continuous variable; Serum HDLcholesterol level: continuous variable; Serum triglyceride level: continuous variable; Systolic blood pressure: continuous variable; Diastolic blood pressure: continuous variable.