Diabetic Retinopathy –Incidence And Risk Factors In A Community Setting- A Longitudinal Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 516 patients at baseline.

Characteristics	N = 516 patients
Gender (% males)	47.7%
Age (mean ± SD, range)	10.8 ± 64.9 (16-87)
Low socio-economic status (%)	26.6%
HbA1c (gr%) (mean ± SD, range)	1.3 ± 7.5 (4.8-13)
DM treatment at baseline
Diet only	28.5%
Oral medications	56.4%
Insulin (with or without oral hypoglycemic)	15.1%
Cardio-Vascular Risk Factors
LDL cholesterol mg/dL (mean ± SD, range)	23.3 ± 110.4 (48-211.8)
systolic BP mmHg (mean ± SD, range)	14.3 ± 138.8 (100-205)
diastolic BP mmHg (mean ± SD, range)	5.9 ± 78.0 (52-98.5)
Creatinine (gr/dL) (mean ± SD, range)	0.4 ± 1.04 (0.6-5.7)
BMI >30	34.1%
Smoking	24.8%
DM complications and cardiovascular diseases
Ischemic heart disease	42.1%
Congestive heart failure	19.0%
Microalbuminuria	6.2%
Chronic Renal Failure	15.9%
Peripheral Vascular Disease	16.9%
Cerebro-Vascular accident	16.5%
Carotid artery stenosis	9.5%

Table 2. Characteristics of eyes who developed NPDR during the first study period vs. eyes without retinopathy at baseline*.

	No retinopathy (N = 721)	New NPDR during study period (N = 194)	p-value
Gender (male)	46.3%	49.5%	NS
Age	64.7 ± 11.6	66.4 ± 8.5	NS
Low SES	24.5%	26.8%	NS
Diet only	37%	12.4%	<0.001
Oral hypoglycemic	55.3%	61.3%
Insulin use	7.6%	26.3%	<0.001
HbA1c at beginning of study	7.6 ± 1.5	8.6 ± 1.8	<0.001
Average HbA1c during study period	7.3 ± 1.2	7.9 ± 1.3	<0.001
LDL cholesterol	112.4 ± 23.8	104.1 ± 22.9	<0.001
Total protein secretion in urine	26.5%	41.8%	<0.001
Microalbuminuria	22.3%	34.0%
Overt proteinuria	4.2%	7.7%
Creatinine	1.0 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.4	NS
Systolic BP	137.9 ± 13.8	140.0 ± 15.2	NS
Diastolic BP	78.3 ± 5.4	77.7 ± 6.6	NS
HTN	77.4%	84.0%	0.05
BMI >30	31.9%	40.7%	0.05
Smoking	22.6%	32.5%	<0.01
Ischemic heart disease	37.9%	53.6%	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	16.1%	25.8%	<0.01
Peripheral vascular disease	13.7%	26.8%	<0.001
s/p CVA	14.7%	18.0%	NS

* Out of 915 eyes without retinopathy at study beginning.

Table 3. Percentage of eyes of diabetic patients who developed new diagnosis during extended follow-up 2008-2016 (and didn’t have the diagnosis before the end of 2007), and the hazard ratio to develop the new diagnosis.

	NPDR-	NPDR +	HR (CI)	Adjusted HR (CI)
Intravitrous treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab	(5.0%) 34/685	9.9% (28/283)	2.18 (1.37-3.46)	2.54 (1.57-4.10)
IHD	40.3% (268/665)	51.9% (150/289)	1.40 (1.06-1.84)	1.57 (1.17-2.09)
CHF	16.6% (105/630)	26.7% (71/266)	1.66 (1.15-2.39)	1.51 (1.02-2.21)
CVA	20.6% (128/620)	21.4% (58/270)	0.18 (0.02-1.40)	0.24 (0.03-1.83)
Leg amputation	0.8% (8/713)	1.3% (4/303)	1.64 (0.46-5.8)	1.50 (0.37-6.1)
PVD	19.6% (133/680)	17.6% (49/278)	0.52 (0.23-2.11)	0.53 (0.17-1.64)
CRF	18.2% (108/592)	29.0% (72/248)	1.86 (1.27-2.73)	1.71 (1.14-2.56)
Death	43.4% (344/793)	41.5% (73/176)	0.98 (0.80-1.22)	1.26 (1.02-1.57)