Awareness of hypertension and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study in a primary care population

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the subjects according to hypertension status.

	Normotensives n = 1394	Unaware hypertensives n = 442	Aware hypertensivesn = 840	p-value
Age, mean, years (SD)	57 (7)	59 (7)	60 (7)	<0.001
Females, n (%)	814 (58.4)	218 (49.3)	458 (54.5)	0.003
Upper secondary school, n (%)	239 (17.8)	54 (12.7)	91 (11.3)	<0.001
Cohabiting, n (%)	1030 (76.6)	352 (82.6)	630 (77.7)	0.031
Depressive symptoms (BDI ≥13), n (%)	129 (9.3)	38 (8.7)	116 (14.1)	<0.001
BDI-score, median (IQR)	4.0 (2.0–8.0)	4.0 (2.0–7.0)	5.0 (3.0–9.0)	<0.001
Current smoking, n (%)	258 (18.5)	80 (18.1)	131 (15.6)	0.202
AUDIT-score ≥8, n (%)	251 (18.7)	111 (25.8)	162 (20.1)	0.006
LTPA, n (%)				0.219
Low	445 (34.0)	162 (37.9)	312 (38.9)
Moderate	683 (51.1)	207 (48.4)	383 (47.7)
High	199 (14.9)	59 (13.8)	108 (13.4)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD)	134 (17)	157 (16)	146 (17)	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD)	81 (9)	91 (9)	86 (10)	<0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SD)	5.4 (1.0)	5.4 (0.9)	5.1 (1.0)	<0.001
Fasting glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD)	5.5 (1.1)	5.6 (1.0)	5.8 (1.3)	<0.001
Body mass index, kg/m^2, mean (SD)	28.2 (4.7)	28.5 (4.6)	30.7 (5.4)	<0.001
Body mass index category, n (%)				<0.001
<25 kg/m^2	207 (20.7)	81 (19.5)	87 (10.6)
25.0–29.9 kg/m^2	491 (49.2)	203 (48.8)	311 (38.1)
30.0–34.9 kg/m^2	228 (22.8)	101 (24.3)	277 (33.9)
≥35.0 kg/m^2	72 (7.2)	31 (7.5)	142 (17.4)
Current medication, n (%)
Antidepressant	28 (2.0)	17 (3.8)	45 (5.4)	<0.001
Beta-blocker	0	0	433 (51.5)	<0.001
Calcium antagonist	0	0	233 (26.5)	<0.001
ACE inhibitor or ATR antagonist	3 (0.2)	0	473 (56.3)	<0.001
Diuretic	2 (0.1)	0	231 (27.5)	<0.001
Statin	61 (4.4)	25 (5.7)	184 (21.9)	<0.001

BDI: Beck´s depression inventory; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; LTPA: leisure-time physical activity; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ATR: angiotensin receptor.

Table 2. Predictors of depressive symptoms defined as Beck’s Depression Inventory score ≥13 among aware hypertensives.

Variables	OR (95% Cl)	p-value
Age	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	0.59
Female gender	3.61 (2.06–6.32)	<0.001
Upper secondary school	1.24 (0.66–2.33)	0.506
Cohabiting	1.11 (0.67–1.85)	0.677
Non-smoking	0.57 (0.33–0.99)	0.048
Harmful alcohol use	2.55 (1.40–4.64)	0.002
Leisure-time physical activity		0.026
Low	1.00 (reference)
Moderate	0.53 (0.33–0.84)
High	0.79 (0.39–1.59)
Body mass index category		0.033
<25.0 kg/m^2	1.00 (reference)
25.0–29.9 kg/m^2	1.51 (0.59–3.87)
≥30.0 kg/m^2	2.50 (1.01–6.21)
Current medication
Beta-blocker	1.63 (1.00–2.68)	0.052
Calcium antagonist	0.72 (0.42–1.23)	0.228
ACE inhibitor or ATR antagonist	1.22 (0.74–2.01)	0.432
Diuretic	0.80 (0.48–1.32)	0.377

ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ATR: angiotensin receptor.