Glucose status and depressive symptoms: a cohort study of elderly people in northwest Finland

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of the Muonio-Enontekiö District study population.

Table 1. Characteristics of the study subjects (n = 629).

	Men	Women
	N = 249	N = 380
Age, mean (sd)	72.3 (7.7)	71.2 (8.8)
BMI, mean (sd)	26.9 (3.8)	27.7 (4.7)
FPG (mmol/L), mean (sd)	6.5 (1.3)	6.5 (1.6)
Normal (<6.1 mmo/l), N (%)	78 (31.3)	174 (45.8)
Prediabetes (6.1-6.9 mmol/l), N (%)	111 (44.6)	123 (32.4)
Type 2 diabetes (≥7.0 mmol/l), N (%)	60 (24.1)	83 (21.8)
HbA1c (mmol/l), mean (sd)	40.2 (7.5)	41.0 (9.0)
HbA1c (%), mean (sd)	5.8 (0.7)	6.1 (3.4)
Normal (<5.7%), N (%)	122 (49.0)	180 (47.9)
Prediabetes (5.7–6.4%), N (%)	103 (41.4)	146 (38.8)
Type 2 diabetes (≥6.5%), N (%)	24 ( 9.6)	50 (13.3)
Glucose status, N (%)
Normal	58 (23.3)	128 (33.7)
Prediabetes	127 (51.0)	159 (41.8)
Type 2 diabetes	32 (12.9)	28 ( 7.4)
Previous diagnosed T2D	32 (12.9)	65 (17.1)
Low education, N (%)	205 (85.4)	279 (75.0)
Smoking, N (%)	27 (11.1)	38 (10.1)
Hypertension, N (%)	124 (51.7)	194 (52.3)
Physical activity (%)
No physical active due to of disability	16 ( 6.7)	20 ( 5.4)
1–4 times per week	87 (36.2)	96 (25.8)
≥5 times per week	137 (57.1)	256 (68.8)
Alcohol consumption (audit), mean (sd)	4.0 (4.6)	1.3 (2.5)
≥ 8	39 (16.5)	12 (3.3)
BDI-II, N (%)
Mild, ≥14	23 (9.2)	20 (5.3)
Moderate, ≥20	14 (5.6)	18 (4.7)

BMI: body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin; Audit: alcohol consumption questionnaire; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory-II questionnaire; sd: standard deviation.

Table 2. The prevalence of depressive symptoms (BDI-II ≥14 points) among those men and women living still in Muonio-Enontekiö district at 2014 and those who had moved away from area.

	Depressive symptoms (BDI-II ≥14 points)
	N	Weighted % (95% CI)^a
Men
All men	28	9.7 (6.1–13.3)
Those living still in Muonio-Enontekiö district	24	9.7 (6.0–13.4)
Those who had moved away	4	9.9 (0.3–19.5)
Women
All women	31	8.1 (5.2–11.0)
Those living still in Muonio-Enontekiö district	21	5.4 (3.2–7.7)
Those who had moved away	10	17.0 (7.1–26.9)

^aPercentages and 95% confidence intervals are weighted by participation, gender, age and area

BDI-II^b = Beck Depression Inventory-II questionnaire.

CI = confidence interval.

Figure 2. Forest plots showing the OR and 95% CI of depression with different glucose metabolism status.

Table 3. Dependent variable: Depressive participants (BDI at least 14): excluded those who moved away from the Muonio-Enontekiö district.

crude
All
Prediabetic fasting glucose	2.94 (1.17, 8.94)
or HbA1c values	p=.04
Diabetic fasting glucose	2.13 (0.50, 8.43)
or HbA1c values	p = 0.28
Previously known T2D	4.33 (1.53, 14.14)
	p=.01
Physical activity 30 min	0.48 (0.20, 1.28)
daily 0–4 times/week	p=.13
Physical activity 30 min	0.22 (0.09, 0.57)
daily at least 5 times	p=.002
Normal	Reference
Observations	629
Log Likelihood	−145.90
Akaike Inf. Crit.	303.80

^aBeck Depression Inventory-II questionnaire.

^bGlycated haemoglobin A1c.

^cType 2 Diabetes.