Migrant GPs and patients: a cross-sectional study of practice characteristics, patient experiences and migration concordance

Figures & data

Figure 1. Percentage of GPs born in another country (Yes) than where they practise (N_countries =34; N_GPs =7,182).

Table 1. Practice location and practice type of immigrant GPs (estimates based on separate 2 level multilevel logistic regression models for each independent variable, controlling for age and sex of GPs).

Variable	Percentage immigrant GPs	Significant difference from overall average
Urbanisation
(Ncountries =34; NGPs =7,182)
- big (inner) city	8.7%	ns
- suburbs	7.4%	ns
- (small) towns	8.5%	ns
- mixed urban-rural	10.7%	ns
- rural	9.4%	ns
Elderly in practice population
(Ncountries =34; NGPs =7,006)
- below average	8.8%	ns
- average	8.1%	ns
- above average	7.8%	ns
Ethnic minority people in practice population
(Ncountries =34; NGPs =6,670)
- below average	7.5%	ns
- average	9.1%	ns
- above average	11.9%	p = 0.04
Disadvantaged people in practice population
(Ncountries =34; NGPs =6,807)
- below average	6.5%	ns
- average	8.1%	ns
- above average	9.2%	ns
Practice type
(Ncountries =33^a; NGPs =6,968)
- shared accommodation	6.9%	ns
- single-handed	8.8%	ns

^aThis information is lacking for Portugal.

Table 2. Items measuring patient experiences with discrimination (overall percentages over all countries).

	Yes	No	Don’t know	Missing
	percentage (n)	percentage (n)	n	n
The doctor or staff acted negatively to you	3.5% (2,137)	96.5% (59,515)	1,092	908
Other patients were treated better than you	3.2% (1,567)	96.7% (45,981)	14,907	1,197
The doctor or staff showed disrespect because of your ethnic background	1.1% (641)	98.9% (59,158)	2,193	1,660

Table 3. Multilevel linear regression analysis of patient experiences with discrimination by GP or practice staff (N_countries =32^a; N_practices =5,618; N_patients =45,525). Reduced table, for full Table see S5.

Variable	Model 1	Model 2^b	Model 3^c	Model 4
Fixed part	Coefficient (se)	Coefficient (se)	Coefficient (se)	Coefficient (se)
Constant	0.06 (0.01)	0.06 (0.009)	0.06 (0.02)	0.06 (0.02)
GP born in this country (1 = yes)	−0.0005 (0.006)	0.001 (0.006)	0.002 (0.006)	0.0008 (0.006)
Patients’ migration status (ref = non-migrant) - first generation migrant			0.009 (0.002)**	0.0005 (0.004)
- second generation migrant			0.004 (0.002)	0.006 (0.005)
Interaction
GP born in this country and first generation migrant				0.01 (0.005)*
GP born in this country and second generation migrant				−0.003 (0.006)

*p < 0.05.

**p < .01.

^aData for Portugal are missing because of lacking information on practice type; data for Australia are missing because of lacking information on patients’ education.

^bModel 2 additionally includes GPs’ age, sex, and practice location.

^cModel 3 additionally includes patient characteristics.