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Abstract
Economic pressures and labor shortage are forcing forest owners to minimize silvicultural costs and manage their forests more intensively to enhance wood production and profitability. The need to improve the cost-efficiency of tree planting is spurring its mechanization. The cost-competitiveness and time consumption of mechanized tree planting in Finland were compared to manual planting (MP) in spot mounds formed with a mounding blade and with a continuously advancing spot mounder. The results suggest that mechanized planting must increase its current productivity by 25% and 100% in order to compete with spot mounding or continuously advancing mounder followed by MP, respectively. However, in the hands of skilled operators in optimal conditions, machines can be cost-effective. On average, mechanized planting required 20% less time than MP and excavator-based spot mounding, whereas MP and continuously advancing spot mounder required 30% less time. Effective use of modern machines requires a careful evaluation of the worksite and skilled operators applying optimal operational models.