Health-related quality of life and anxiety and depression in patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma: a prospective cohort study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Recruitment and follow-up of patients in the study.

Table 1. Descriptive demographic characteristics among 76 Danish patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma.

Variable	Palliative group (n = 51)	Radical group (n = 25)	p-Value
Age (years)	64.8 (10.5)^a	60.6 (13.3)^a	0.177^d
Male	32 (62.7)^b	8 (32)^b	0.015^e
Time of follow-up (days)	228.7 (142.8)^c	340.8 (122.4)^c	0.001^d
Marital status			–
Living alone	16 (31.4)^b	7 (28)^b	0.309^f
Unknown	4 (7.8)^b	0^b	–
Occupation
Working	14 (27.5)^b	13 (52)^b	0.061^f
Unknown	4 (7.8)^b	0 (0)^b
Performance score	0 (0–3)^c	0 (0–2)^c	0.161^f
Unknown	5 (9.8)^b	0 (0)^b	–
Living in the capital region	35 (68.6)^b	14 (56)^b	0.315^e
Smoker	14 (27.5)^b	7 (28)^b	0.998^f
Unknown	4 (7.8)^b	2 (8)^b	–

^a Values are mean ± SD;

^b Values are n (%);

^c Values are median (range);

^d Independent t-test;

^e Fishers Exact test;

^f Pearson’s χ².

Table 2. Distribution in health-related quality of life (HRQOL QLQ C30) from baseline to six months follow-up among patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma over time.

EORTC QLQ C30	Baseline (n = 69)				1 month (n = 48)				3 months (n = 47)				6 months (n = 44)
Variable	Total	Palliative	Radical	p-Value	Total	Palliative	Radical	p-Value	Total	Palliative	Radical	p-Value	Total	Palliative	Radical	p-Value
Global health status
Global health status/QoL	54.4 ± 25.9	52.9 ± 28	57.3 ± 21.4	0.564	53 ± 25	56.9 ± 26.5	46.8 ± 21.8	0.161	61.9 ± 23.2	61.8 ± 24.3	62 ± 22	0.877	63.4 ± 20.7	62.5 ± 20.6	65.1 ± 21.6	0.666
Functional scales^a
Physical functioning	69.9 ± 25.4	67.1 ± 24	75.4 ± 27.6	0.103	67.6 ± 23	71.3 ± 17.9	61.4 ± 29.2	0.280	68.9 ± 23.6	70.5 ± 20.9	66.2 ± 27.9	0.774	73.9 ± 22.4	75.2 ± 17.9	71.7 ± 29.1	0.883
Role functioning	57.7 ± 37	55.1 ± 37	63 ± 37.3	0.353	59.2 ± 33.7	60 ± 34.1	57.8 ± 33.9	0.787	60 ± 35.4	58.9 ± 36.7	61.8 ± 34.2	0.858	64.8 ± 30.8	64.3 ± 29.7	65.6 ± 33.6	0.960
Emotional functioning	70.1 ± 24.5	73.1 ± 22.8	64.3 ± 27.1	0.198	74.1 ± 27.7	79.2 ± 23.5	65.6 ± 32.5	0.137	75.5 ± 26.4	75 ± 25.7	76.4 ± 28.3	0.689	75.1 ± 22.7	74.8 ± 22.2	75.5 ± 24.2	0.757
Cognitive functioning	79.7 ± 23.5	81.2 ± 19.8	76.8 ± 30	0.957	79.9 ± 25.7	80.6 ± 22.4	78.7 ± 31.2	0.716	78 ± 24.1	78.2 ± 24	77.8 ± 24.9	0.954	86.7 ± 17.5	86.9 ± 15.4	86.5 ± 20.4	0.650
Social functioning	80.2 ± 25.3	80.8 ± 24.6	79 ± 27.2	0.706	74.3 ± 32.2	76.7 ± 29.3	70.4 ± 37.3	0.750	75.2 ± 29.7	75.3 ± 27.7	75 ± 33.5	0.678	70.8 ± 28.6	70.8 ± 25.1	70.8 ± 34.7	0.633
Symptoms scales/items^b
Fatigue	46.6 ± 28.6	47.7 ± 29.4	44 ± 27.4	0.512	47.5 ± 22.4	46.7 ± 20.7	48.8 ± 25.6	0.914	45.6 ± 25.5	44.8 ± 22.7	46.9 ± 30.1	0.782	41.7 ± 23.1	41.7 ± 19.7	41.7 ± 28.3	0.970
Nausea and vomiting	17.9 ± 24	22.5 ± 26.6	8.7 ± 14.1	0.039^c	17.7 ± 19.6	16.7 ± 19.6	19.4 ± 20	0.597	11.3 ± 19.4	7.5 ± 11.4	17.6 ± 27.1	0.213	13.6 ± 16.6	14.3 ± 16.8	12.5 ± 16.7	0.672
Pain	29.7 ± 31.6	33 ± 33.6	23.2 ± 26.5	0.262	26.4 ± 28.7	19.4 ± 28.4	38 ± 26.1	0.009^c	24.8 ± 25.5	24.1 ± 26.9	25.9 ± 23.7	0.698	22 ± 22.7	25.6 ± 25.5	15.6 ± 15.5	0.249
Dyspnea	18.8 ± 27.1	22.5 ± 28.2	11.6 ± 23.8	0.067	13.9 ± 18	13.3 ± 16.6	14.8 ± 20.5	0.940	18.1 ± 26	16.7 ± 21.3	20.4 ± 32.6	0.897	19.7 ± 24.2	21.4 ± 22.6	16.7 ± 27.2	0.326
Insomnia	28.9 ± 33	31.9 ± 35	22.7 ± 28	0.383	32.6 ± 35.4	28.9 ± 34.7	38.9 ± 36.6	0.343	28.3 ± 33.7	25.3 ± 32.9	33.3 ± 35.4	0.403	31.8 ± 32	29.8 ± 29.2	35.4 ± 37.5	0.766
Appetite loss	42.3 ± 38.3	44 ± 37	36.9 ± 41.5	0.433	41.7 ± 37.4	40 ± 37.5	44.4 ± 37.9	0.674	28.4 ± 34	31 ± 33.3	24.1 ± 35.8	0.380	28 ± 34.4	31 ± 35.1	22.9 ± 33.8	0.355
Constipation	14.9 ± 28.6	17.8 ± 29.8	9.1 ± 25.6	0.149	20.6 ± 29.1	23 ± 31	16.7 ± 26.2	0.478	22 ± 32.9	23 ± 31	20.4 ± 36.4	0.450	11.4 ± 23.8	9.5 ± 23.8	14.6 ± 24.2	0.334
Diarrhea	16.2 ± 28.5	16.3 ± 27.2	15.9 ± 31.6	0.656	9.7 ± 20.6	8.9 ± 17.4	11.1 ± 25.6	0.977	9.2 ± 21.6	10.3 ± 23.7	7.4 ± 18.3	0.725	7.6 ± 21.4	14.3 ± 21.1	8.9 ± 26.6	0.163
Financial difficulties	11.1 ± 25.4	14.5 ± 29.5	4.4 ± 11.5	0.227	4.9 ± 16.8	5.6 ± 19.7	3.7 ± 10.8	0.936	9.2 ± 23.8	10.3 ± 25.4	7.4 ± 21.6	0.596	7.6 ± 21.4	8.3 ± 25.1	6.3 ± 13.4	0.581

p-Values between palliative versus radical surgery (Mann Whitney U-test).

^a Higher scores indicates a higher level of functioning and QoL;

^b Higher scores indicate a higher degree of symptoms;

^c Significant difference.

Table 3. Distribution in self-reported HADS (anxiety and depression scale) among patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma over time.

	Baseline				1 month				3 months				6 months
n (%)	T (n = 69)	P (n = 47)	R (n = 22)	p-Value^a	T (n = 51)	P (n = 32)	R (n = 19)	p-Value^a	T (n = 46)	P (n = 29)	R (n = 17)	p-Value^a	T (n = 43)	P (n = 29)	R (n = 14)	p-Value^a
Anxiety
Normal cases	38 (55.1)	26 (55.3)	12 (54.5)		31 (60.8)	21 (65.6)	10 (52.6)		32 (69.6)	20 (69)	12 (70.6)		30 (69.8)	22 (75.9)	8 (57.1)
Mild cases	16 (23.2)	15 (31.9)	1 (4.5)		12 (23.5)	8 (25)	4 (21.1)		11 (23.9)	6 (20.7)	5 (29.4)		7 (16.3)	3 (10.3)	4 (28.6)
Moderate cases	11 (15.9)	4 (8.5)	7 (31.8)		6 (11.8)	2 (6.3)	4 (21.1)		1 (2.2)	1 (3.4)			5 (11.6)	3 (10.3)	2 (14.3)
Severe cases	4 (5.8)	2 (4.3)	2 (9.1)		2 (3.9)	1 (3.1)	1 (5.3)		2 (4.3)	2 (6.9)			1 (2.3)	1 (3.4)
Anxiety mean ± SD		6.6 (4.2)	7.7 (4.9)	0.360		5.5 (4.3)	7.4 (5.2)	0.183		5.3 (4.4)	4.5 (3.7)	0.516		5.4 (4.1)	6.7 (3.7)	0.293
Depression
Normal cases	56 (81.2)	39 (83)	17 (77.3)		39 (76.5)	25 (78.1)	14 (73.7)		37 (80.4)	24 (82.8)	13 (76.5)		33 (76.7)	22 (75.9)	11 (78.6)
Mild cases	10 (14.5)	6 (12.8)	4 (18.2)		6 (11.8)	3 (9.4)	3 (15.8)		5 (10.9)	2 (6.9)	3 (17.6)		6 (14)	4 (13.8)	2 (14.3)
Moderate cases	2 (2.9)	2 (4.3)			5 (9.8)	4 (12.5)	1 (5.3)		2 (4.3)	1 (3.4)	1 (5.9)		2 (4.7)	1 (3.4)	1 (7.1)
Severe cases	1 (1.4)		1 (4.5)		1 (2)		1 (5.3)		2 (4.3)	2 (6.9)			2 (4.7)	2 (6.9)
Depression mean ± SD		4.6 (3.2)	4.8 (4)	0.840		4.4 (3.9)	5.5 (5.3)	0.426		3.9 (4.9)	3.9 (4.1)	0.994		4.6 (4.8)	3.9 (3.5)	0.613

T: total sample; P: Palliative Group; R: Radical Group.

^a Unpaired t-test.