Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency reduces susceptibility to cancer of endodermal origin

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of study inclusions and exclusions.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics, cancer frequency and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase frequency in 11,708 patients undergoing endoscopy included in the study.

Variables	Men	Women	Total
Number	4468	7240	11,708
Age decades (years)
<30	406 (9.1%)	962 (13.3%)	1368 (11.7%)
30–39	613 (13.7%)	964 (13.3%)	1577 (13.5%)
40–49	700 (15.7%)	1206 (16.7%)	1906 (16.3%)
50–59	788 (17.6%)	1340 (18.5%)	2128 (18.2%)
60–69	994 (22.2%)	1422 (19.6%)	2416 (20.6%)
70–79	749 (16.8%)	1038 (14.3%)	1787 (15.3%)
80–89	210 (4.7%)	293 (4.0%)	503 (4.3%)
≥90	8 (0.2%)	15 (0.2%)	23 (0.2%)
Cancers
All cancers	699 (15.6%)	839 (11.6%)	1538 (13.1%)
Colorectal	221 (4.9%)	239 (3.3%)	460 (3.9%)
HCC^a	115 (2.6%)	53 (0.7%)	168 (1.4%)
Stomach	55 (1.2%)	43 (0.6%)	98 (0.8%)
Breast	–	266 (3.7%)	266 (–)
Prostate	68 (1.5%)	–	68 (–)
Lung	36 (0.8%)	26 (0.4%)	62 (0.5%)
Blood	112 (2.5%)	108 (1.5%)	220 (1.9%)
Metastases	43 (1.0%)	28 (0.4%)	71 (0.6%)
Others	49 (1.1%)	76 (1.0%)	125 (1.1%)
G6PD status
Normal	4082 (91.4%)	6204 (85.7%)	10,286 (87.9%)
Deficiency	386 (8.6%)	1036 (14.3%)	1422 (12.1%)

Unless specified, results are expressed as n (%).

^a Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2. Unadjusted relative risk and 95% confidence interval for all-cancer among 11,708 patients with and without glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, according to the embryological origin of cancer.

	Controls (G6PD normal)		Cases (G6PD deficiency)
Variable	Cancer negative	Cancer positive	Cancer negative	Cancer positive	RR^b (95% CI)^c
Embryological origin^a
Endodermal	8893	669	1277	57	0.61 (0.47–0.80)
Ectodermal/mesodermal	8893	538	1277	78	1.01 (0.80–1.27)

^a Metastases and minor cancers were not included as their number was too small.

^b Relative risk.

^c Confidence interval.

Table 3. Absolute and relative risk for site-specific cancers among 11,708 patients with and without glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.

Cancers	Absolute risk (%) in G6PD deficient	Absolute risk (%) in G6PD normal	RR^a (95% CI^b)
			Unadjusted	Adjusted^d
Colorectal	3.04	4.51	0.67 (0.49–0.93)	0.72 (0.53–0.98)
HCC^c	0.93	1.72	0.54 (0.30–0.97)	0.48 (0.26–0.92)
Stomach	0.39	1.03	0.38 (0.15–0.92)	0.41 (0.18–0.99)
Breast	3.86	4.01	0.96 (0.66–1.40)	0.83 (0.55–1.22)
Prostate	1.85	1.76	1.05 (0.50–2.18)	1.20 (0.53–2.87)
Lung	0.85	0.57	1.49 (0.78–2.87)	1.72 (0.81–3.11)
Blood	2.22	2.10	1.06 (0.72–1.55)	1.18 (0.75–1.77)
Metastases	0.47	0.73	0.64 (0.28–1.48)	0.89 (0.38–2.15)

^a Relative risk.

^b Confidence interval.

^c Hepatocellular carcinoma.

^d Adjusted for the following covariates: age and body mass index (continuous), sex, smoking habits, diabetes and socio-economic status (discrete).