Managing governance complexity and knowledge networks in transparency initiatives: the case of police open data

Figures & data

Figure 1. Ladder of collaboration and open data knowledge management based on Hovik and Hanssen (2015).Published with permission of John Wiley and Sons.

Table 1. Summary statistics.

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Dependent variable
Open data use	2358	0.71	0.46	0	1
Organisational complexity
Budget size (millions of dollars)	2624	27.87	134.02	0.03	4612.69
HRM challenges	2816	164.50	826.36	1	34454
Crime rate	1483	81.65	226.44	0	4383
Legal-normative barriers	2781	0.61	0.49	0	1
Network knowledge management
Networks and organisational connections	2758	0.58	0.49	0	1
Policy legitimacy	2755	0.70	0.46	0	1
Training towards mission	2733	0.65	0.48	0	1
Overcoming organisational boundaries	2758	0.22	0.42	0	1
Developing mission focus	2756	0.73	0.44	0	1
Control variables
Technological capacity	1922	0.07	0.25	0	1
Local population size (thousands)	2826	212.91	1278.51	0.20	37955

Table 2. Correlation matrix.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. Open data use	1
2. Budget constraints	***−0.13	1
3. HRM challenges	***−0.13	***−0.94	1
4. Crime rate	***−0.19	***−0.51	***0.62	1
5. Legal-normative constraints	***−0.21	*0.05	*0.04	*0.06	1
6. Network connections	***0.15	**−0.06	***−0.08	***−0.13	***−0.15	1
7. Legal/policy legitimacy	***0.21	***−0.10	***−0.10	***−0.18	***0.19	***−0.19	1
8. Training towards mission	***0.21	***−0.01	−0.01	**−0.08	***0.30	***0.20	***−0.13	1
9. Overcoming organisational boundaries	***0.16	−0.01	***−0.09	***−0.14	***0.21	***0.15	***0.14	***−0.17	1
10. Developing mission focus	***0.18	*0.05	*0.04	***0.10	***0.21	***0.20	***0.16	***0.18	***0.16	1
11. Technological capacity	***0.08	*−0.05	*−0.05	**−0.08	***0.11	***0.10	**0.07	*** −0.1	***−0.09	***−0.09	1
12. Local population size	*−0.04	***0.58	***0.44	***0.20	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	***−0.07	−0.00	0.01	−0.04

* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.

Table 3. Regression results.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. Err.
Organisational complexity
Budget constraints	*−0.005	0.002
HRM challenges	**−0.001	0.000
Crime rate	*−0.001	0.000
Legal-normative constraints	***−0.830	0.176
Network knowledge management
Networks and organisational connections	−0.110	0.154
Policy legitimacy	0.282	0.149
Training towards mission	***0.630	0.151
Overcoming organisational boundaries	*0.578	0.245
Developing mission focus	*0.480	0.212
Control variables
Technological capacity	0.313	0.371
Local population size	0.000	0.000
Constant	***1.146	0.295
N		912
Pseudo-R^2		0.091
LR chi-square		***111.27

* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.

Appendix 1. Variables and measurement items.

Open data

Does your agency provide jurisdiction-wide summaries of crime statistics on its website?

Budget constraints (reversed)

What was your agency’s total operating budget for the 12-month period that included 1 January 2013?

HRM challenges

As of 1 January 2013, how many paid sworn full-time personnel worked in your agency?

Crime rate

During the 12-month period ending 31 December 2012, how many total use of force incidents did your agency record?

Legal-normative constraints (reversed)

Can the public arrange to receive information about crime or other issues via email, recorded phone calls, cell phone texts, or other electronic means from your agency?

Professional networks and organisational connections

During the 12-month period ending 31 December 2012, did your agency have a problem-solving partnership or written agreement with any local civic, business, or governmental organisations?

Acquiring policy legitimacy

During the 12-month period ending 31 December 2012, did your agency utilise information from a survey of local residents about crime, fear of crime, or satisfaction with law enforcement?

Training towards agency mission

During the 12-month period ending 31 December 2012, what proportion of full-time sworn personnel received at least 8 h of training on community policing issues (e.g., problem-solving, SARA, and community partnerships)?

Overcoming organisational boundaries

During the 12-month period ending 31 December 2012, did your agency participate in any multijurisdictional task forces?

Developing mission focus

As of 1 January 2013, does your agency have a written mission statement with a community policing component?

Technological capacity

During the 12-month period ending 31 December 2012, was research or statistical analysis (including geospatial analyses) using your agency’s computerised records of criminal incidents conducted by agency staff or by external organisations?

Hovik, S., and G. S. Hanssen. 2015. “The Impact of Network Management and Complexity on Multi-Level Coordination.” Public Administration 93 (2): 506–523. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024267.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar