Figures & data
Figure 1. Overview of the study design. OAA, oral atypical antipsychotics; PP1M, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate. 1A potential index hospitalization was defined as hospitalizations meeting any one of the following criteria: (1) a primary or admitting diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD, version 9 [ICD-9] code 295.xx; ICD, version 10 [ICD-10] codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx); (2) a primary or admitting diagnosis of a mental disorder (ICD-9 codes 290.xx–319.xx, excluding code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F00–F99, excluding codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx) and a secondary diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-9 code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx); or (3) a primary or admitting diagnosis of injury or poisoning (ICD-9 codes 800.xx–999.xx; ICD-10 codes S00–T88) and a secondary diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-9 code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx).
![Figure 1. Overview of the study design. OAA, oral atypical antipsychotics; PP1M, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate. 1A potential index hospitalization was defined as hospitalizations meeting any one of the following criteria: (1) a primary or admitting diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD, version 9 [ICD-9] code 295.xx; ICD, version 10 [ICD-10] codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx); (2) a primary or admitting diagnosis of a mental disorder (ICD-9 codes 290.xx–319.xx, excluding code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F00–F99, excluding codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx) and a secondary diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-9 code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx); or (3) a primary or admitting diagnosis of injury or poisoning (ICD-9 codes 800.xx–999.xx; ICD-10 codes S00–T88) and a secondary diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-9 code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx).](/cms/asset/ba1b1ac7-b4a7-49d0-828b-758f5647fd5a/icmo_a_1512477_f0001_b.jpg)
Figure 2. Identification of index hospitalizations. LAI, long-acting injectable; OAA, oral atypical antipsychotics; PP1M, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate; Hosp, hospitalization. 1A hospitalization was defined as having a schizophrenia diagnosis if it fulfilled one of the following conditions: (a) A primary or admitting diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD, version 9 [ICD-9] code 295.xx; ICD, version 10 [ICD-10] codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx); (b) A primary or admitting diagnosis of a mental disorder (ICD-9 codes 290.xx–319.xx, excluding code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F00–F99, excluding codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx) and a secondary diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-9 code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx). 2The study period spanned January 2009 to December 2016 (inclusively), that is until the end of data availability. 3OAA medication included aripiprazole, asenapine maleate, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, quetiapine fumarate, risperidone, and ziprasidone. 4Other LAIs included were first-generation: fluphenazine LAI, haloperidol LAI; second-generation: olanzapine LAI, risperidone LAI, paliperidone LAI, and aripiprazole LAI; as well as PP3M.
![Figure 2. Identification of index hospitalizations. LAI, long-acting injectable; OAA, oral atypical antipsychotics; PP1M, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate; Hosp, hospitalization. 1A hospitalization was defined as having a schizophrenia diagnosis if it fulfilled one of the following conditions: (a) A primary or admitting diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD, version 9 [ICD-9] code 295.xx; ICD, version 10 [ICD-10] codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx); (b) A primary or admitting diagnosis of a mental disorder (ICD-9 codes 290.xx–319.xx, excluding code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F00–F99, excluding codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx) and a secondary diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-9 code 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx, and F25.xx). 2The study period spanned January 2009 to December 2016 (inclusively), that is until the end of data availability. 3OAA medication included aripiprazole, asenapine maleate, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, quetiapine fumarate, risperidone, and ziprasidone. 4Other LAIs included were first-generation: fluphenazine LAI, haloperidol LAI; second-generation: olanzapine LAI, risperidone LAI, paliperidone LAI, and aripiprazole LAI; as well as PP3M.](/cms/asset/1fbba42d-e0c7-4350-a462-ad8494d8064b/icmo_a_1512477_f0002_b.jpg)
Table 1. Index hospitalizations per patient.
Table 2. Patient characteristics as of the index hospitalization.
Table 3. Rate of rehospitalization after index hospitalization, per age group, type of rehospitalization, and time since discharge from index hospitalization.
Figure 3. Multivariate odds ratio of rehospitalization after index hospitalization, per age group, type of rehospitalization, and time since discharge from index hospitalization. CI, confidence interval; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, version 9; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, version 10; OAA, oral atypical antipsychotics; PP1M, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate. 1The reference is OAA. The odd ratios were obtained from a generalized estimating equation model, with repeated measures per patient (as each patient may contribute more than one index hospitalization). In addition to the PP1M group variable, age, sex, marital status (single or not), race or ethnicity (white or not), geographical region, payer (Medicaid or not), teaching hospital, year of index hospitalization (before 2012 or not), psychiatrist as attending doctor, severity of illness (major/extreme or not), suicide-related diagnosis codes, length of stay, total cost, number of months from prior hospitalization, and being admitted from law or court variables were included in the model. All variables obtained before, at, or during index hospitalization. 2x-axis is on a log2 scale. 3Defined as visits with the presence of a schizophrenia diagnosis (ICD-9 codes 295.xx; ICD-10 codes F20.xx, F21.xx and F25.xx).
