Reduced 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease after participating in a lifestyle programme in primary care

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population and patients lost to follow-up.

	Total sample (n = 404)	Men (n = 195)	Women (n = 209)	Lost to follow-up (n = 63)
Age, years	59 (±8.8)	59 (±9.0)	60 (±8.6)	55 (±10.1)^a
Sex, women	52% (209)			52% (33)
Hypertension	73% (294)	65% (127)	78% (162)	79% (50)
Daily smoking	10% (41)	9% (18)	11% (23)	19% (12)^a
Anti-hypertensive medication	56% (226)	59% (114)	54% (112)	57% (36)
Statin medication	13% (52)	17% (33)	9% (19)	5% (3)^a
Glucose-lowering medication^b	38% (42)	41% (28)	34% (14)	46% (6)
Previous cardiovascular disease	6% (25)	8% (15)	5% (10)	6% (4)
Metabolic syndrome	50% (201)	59% (114)	42% (87)	46% (29)

Data are presented as mean (SD) for age and % (number of patients) for all other variables.

^aSignificantly different from study population (p < 0.05).

^bOnly individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance (n = 109) were included for this variable.

Table 2. Cardiovascular risk factors at baseline, 1 year, and change over 1 year, total sample.

n = 404	Baseline mean (SD)	1 year mean (SD)	Change over 1 year mean (95% CI)	p Value
Weight (kg)	86.7 (18.7)	84.5 (18.6)	−2.1 (−1.6 to −2.6)^c	<0.001^a
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.3 (5.5)	28.6 (5.5)	−0.7 (−0.5 to −0.9)^c	<0.001^a
Waist circumference (cm)	101.2 (13.7)	98.2 (13.5)	−2.9 (−2.5 to −3.4)	<0.001^a
Systolic BP (mmHg)	149.2 (17.1)	140.5 (15.4)	−8.7 (−7.1 to −10.4)^c	<0.001^a
Anti-hypertensive medication, n = 268	150.3 (18.1)	139.3 (15.3)	−11.0 (−9.0 to −13.1)^c	<0.001^a
No medication, n = 136	147.0 (14.8)	142.8 (15.5)	−4.2 (−1.7 to −6.8)	0.001^a
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	88.0 (10.5)	84.1 (8.8)	−4.0 (−3.0 to −4.9)^c	<0.001^a
Anti-hypertensive medication, n = 268	88.4 (11.1)	83.3 (8.6)	−5.1 (−3.9 to −6.3)	<0.001^a
No medication, n = 136	87.4 (9.3)	85.5 (9.0)	−1.8 (−0.3 to −3.3)^c	0.017^a
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.94 (1.18)	5.72 (1.10)	−0.22 (−0.13 to −0.31)	<0.001^a
With statin medication, n = 65	6.19 (1.63)	5.22 (1.36)	−0.97 (−0.58 to −1.37)	<0.001^a
No statin medication, n = 339	5.89 (1.06)	5.81 (1.02)	−0.08 (0.00 to −0.15)	0.051
LDL (mmol/L)	3.86 (0.99)	3.72 (0.99)	−0.14 (−0.06 to −0.21)	<0.001^a
With statin medication, n = 65	3.89 (1.32)	3.21 (1.19)	−0.68 (−0.38 to −0.98)	<0.001^a
No statin medication, n = 339	3.86 (0.92)	3.82 (0.91)	−0.04 (−0.03 to 0.10)	0.249
HDL (mmol/L)	1.37 (0.37)	1.40 (0.38)	0.04 (0.02 to 0.05)^c	<0.001^a
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.66 (1.06)	1.51 (0.82)	−0.15 (−0.08 to −0.23)^b^,^c	0.001^a
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol), n = 109	8.51 (2.99)	7.15 (1.70)	−1.36 (−0.85 to −1.88)	<0.001^a
Glucose-lowering medication, n = 42	10.17 (3.75)	7.85 (1.92)	−2.32 (−1.19 to −3.46)	<0.001^a
No medication, n = 67	7.48 (1.75)	6.72 (1.39)	−0.76 (−0.35 to −1.17)	<0.001^a

Values are presented as mean (SD) for baseline and 1-year measurements, and as mean (95% CI) for change over 1 year.

^aSignificantly different after Bonferroni–Holm correction.

^bSignificantly different between sex.

^cSignificantly different between diagnosis (p < 0.05).

Figure 1. Ten-year risk of developing CVD, individual Δ-values, total study population (n = 404).

Table 3. Estimated 10-year risk of developing CVD according to framingham risk score at baseline, 1 year, and change over 1 year.

	Baseline, % Mean (SD)	1 year, % Mean (SD)	Change over 1 year, % Mean (95% CI)	p Value
Total (n = 402)	24.8 (15.6)	21.4 (13.5)	−3.4 (−2.7 to −4.1)	<0.001^a
Men (n = 193)	31.8 (16.8)	27.9 (14.2)	−3.9 (−2.7 to −5.0)	<0.001^a
Women (n = 209)	18.3 (11.2)	15.4 (9.6)	−3.0 (−2.1 to −3.8)	<0.001^a
Hypertension (n = 293)	21.1 (12.5)	18.3 (11.2)	−2.8 (−2.1 to −3.5)	<0.001^a
T2DM + IGT (n = 109)	34.8 (18.7)	29.8 (15.7)	−5.0 (−3.1 to −6.9)^b	<0.001^a

Values are presented as mean (SD) for baseline and 1-year measurements, and as mean (95% CI) for change over 1 year.

^aSignificantly different after Bonferroni–Holm correction.

^bSignificantly different between diagnosis (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Change in proportions of patients at increased risk for CVD risk factors and Framingham risk score, total sample (n = 404). * Significantly different from baseline after Bonferroni–Holm correction.