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New Zealand Journal of Zoology Volume 41, 2014 - Issue 2
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Research articles

Differences in vocalisations, morphology and mtDNA support species status for New Zealand saddleback Philesturnus spp

KA ParkerThe Ecology and Conservation Group, Institute for Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New ZealandCorrespondence[email protected]
,
K LudwigDepartment of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
,
TM KingDepartment of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
,
DH BruntonThe Ecology and Conservation Group, Institute for Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
,
RP ScofieldCanterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand
&
IG JamiesonDepartment of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Pages 79-94 | Received 19 Nov 2012, Accepted 26 Aug 2013, Published online: 09 Nov 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1 Spectrograms of vocalisations. A, NI saddleback male rhythmical song from Mokoia Island. B, SI saddleback male specific song from Ulva Island. C, NI saddleback chatter call from Moutohora Island. D, SI saddleback chatter call from Ulva Island. The outlines show a single phrase (A, B) and three consecutive chatter phrases (C, D) as measured for spectral, temporal and amplitude analysis.
Figure 1 Spectrograms of vocalisations. A, NI saddleback male rhythmical song from Mokoia Island. B, SI saddleback male specific song from Ulva Island. C, NI saddleback chatter call from Moutohora Island. D, SI saddleback chatter call from Ulva Island. The outlines show a single phrase (A, B) and three consecutive chatter phrases (C, D) as measured for spectral, temporal and amplitude analysis.
Figure 2 Multivariate distance-to-centroid or variance of spectral, temporal and amplitude variables (mean dispersion ± SEM). A, NI saddleback male rhythmical songs and SI saddleback male specific song. B, NI and SI chatter calls among island populations. The SI population (Ulva Island) is indicated by the arrow on each graph. Island abbreviations are: Cop, coppermine; Cuv, cuvier; Hen, hen; Kap, Kapiti; Lad, Lady Alice; Lbi, Little Barrier; Lbp, Pohutukawa Flat Little Barrier; Mok, Mokoia; Mot, Motuihe; Mou, Moutohora; Red, Red Mercury; Sta, Stanley; Tir, Tiritiri Matangi; Wha, Whatupuke; Ulv, Ulva.
Figure 2 Multivariate distance-to-centroid or variance of spectral, temporal and amplitude variables (mean dispersion ± SEM). A, NI saddleback male rhythmical songs and SI saddleback male specific song. B, NI and SI chatter calls among island populations. The SI population (Ulva Island) is indicated by the arrow on each graph. Island abbreviations are: Cop, coppermine; Cuv, cuvier; Hen, hen; Kap, Kapiti; Lad, Lady Alice; Lbi, Little Barrier; Lbp, Pohutukawa Flat Little Barrier; Mok, Mokoia; Mot, Motuihe; Mou, Moutohora; Red, Red Mercury; Sta, Stanley; Tir, Tiritiri Matangi; Wha, Whatupuke; Ulv, Ulva.
Figure 3 PCA ordination of the average normalised spectral, temporal and amplitude variables. A, NI saddleback male rhythmical song and SI saddleback male specific song. B, NI and SI saddleback chatter calls. The NI saddleback populations are indicated by the black triangles and the SI saddleback population (Ulva Island) by the inverted white triangle.
Figure 3 PCA ordination of the average normalised spectral, temporal and amplitude variables. A, NI saddleback male rhythmical song and SI saddleback male specific song. B, NI and SI saddleback chatter calls. The NI saddleback populations are indicated by the black triangles and the SI saddleback population (Ulva Island) by the inverted white triangle.

Table 1 Principal component factor loadings for the analysis of spectral, temporal and amplitude variables from male specific song and chatter calls from island populations of NI and SI saddleback.

Figure 4 Ordination analyses of multivariate differences in morphological measurements of North Island and South Island male and female saddlebacks. A, Unconstrained non-metric MDS ordination morphological measurements for live saddlebacks. Points that are closer to each other are more similar than those further apart. The axes lack labels because an MDS only shows information on the relative (rank-order) similarities among points and hence the scale is arbitrary. B, Constrained ordination (CAP) of morphological measurements from live saddlebacks. C, Correlations of the original variables from live birds with the two CAP axes. D, Constrained ordination (CAP) of morphological measurements from saddleback bones. E, Correlations of the original variables from bones with the two CAP axes. Grey hashed triangle = female NI saddleback; grey square = male NI saddleback; black circle = female SI saddleback; inverted white triangle = male SI saddleback.
Figure 4 Ordination analyses of multivariate differences in morphological measurements of North Island and South Island male and female saddlebacks. A, Unconstrained non-metric MDS ordination morphological measurements for live saddlebacks. Points that are closer to each other are more similar than those further apart. The axes lack labels because an MDS only shows information on the relative (rank-order) similarities among points and hence the scale is arbitrary. B, Constrained ordination (CAP) of morphological measurements from live saddlebacks. C, Correlations of the original variables from live birds with the two CAP axes. D, Constrained ordination (CAP) of morphological measurements from saddleback bones. E, Correlations of the original variables from bones with the two CAP axes. Grey hashed triangle = female NI saddleback; grey square = male NI saddleback; black circle = female SI saddleback; inverted white triangle = male SI saddleback.
Figure 5 Mean ± SEM for measurements from live NI and SI saddleback. A, Tarsus length. B, Weight. C, Wing length. From bone measurements from museum collections. D, Tibiotarsus. E, Tarsometatarsus. F, Humerus. Males are indicated by the black squares and females by the white triangles.
Figure 5 Mean ± SEM for measurements from live NI and SI saddleback. A, Tarsus length. B, Weight. C, Wing length. From bone measurements from museum collections. D, Tibiotarsus. E, Tarsometatarsus. F, Humerus. Males are indicated by the black squares and females by the white triangles.

Table 2 Within and between species or subspecies sequence divergence. The absolute number of nucleotide differences are shown first and percentage sequence divergence second. Data for the first 420 aligned bases are shown above the diagonal and the second 393 aligned bases below.

Supplemental material

Figure 1. A neighbour joining phylogram estimated from 813 aligned nucleotides of the control region.

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Table 1. Complete North Island and South Island saddleback skeletons measured from the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa collection.

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