Primary poisoning risk for encapsulated sodium nitrite, a new tool for pest control

Figures & data

Table 1. Chickens orally gavaged with NaNO₂ at four dose rates.

Bird	Weight (kg)	Dose (mg/kg)	NaNO2 (mg)	Fate	First appearance clinical symptoms (min)	Time to death (min)
1	1.915	175	335	Died	12	19
2	1.767	175	309	Died	8	19
3	1.745	175	305	Died	15	19
4	1.708	115	196	Died	16	21
5	1.774	115	204	Died	32	34
6	1.961	115	226	Died	26	28
7	1.872	85	159	Died	16	20
8	1.902	85	162	Died	17	20
9	1.903	85	162	Died	16	26
10	1.726	55	95	Alive	27	–
11	1.759	55	97	Alive	8	–
12	1.842	55	101	Alive	26	–
13	1.702	Control	0	Alive	–	–
14	1.745	Control	0	Alive	–	–
15	1.675	Control	0	Alive	–	–

Table 2. Ducks orally gavaged with NaNO₂ at four dose rates.

Bird	Sex	Weight (kg)	Dose (mg/kg)	NaNO2 (mg)	Fate	First appearance clinical symptoms (min)	Time to death (min)
1	F	1.081	175	199	Died	4	20
2	M	1.168	175	215	Died	6	17
3	M	1.449	175	267	Died	10	18
4	M	1.530	115	185	Died	13	23
5	M	1.355	115	164	Died	6	27
6	F	1.149	115	139	Died	7	21
7	M	1.072	85	96	Died	18	48
8	M	1.226	85	110	Died	13	37
9	F	1.076	85	96	Died	17	42
10	M	1.380	55	80	Alive	11	–
11	M	1.381	55	80	Alive	12	–
12	M	1.238	55	72	Alive	7	–
13	M	1.774	Control	0	Alive	–	–
14	F	2.205	Control	0	Alive	–	–
15	F	1.265	Control	0	Alive	–	–

Table 3. Chickens free-fed with NaNO₂ paste (group 1) and pellet baits (group 2) and non-toxic paste (group 3) and pellet baits (group 4).

Bird	Weight (kg)	Group	Bait fed (g)	Bait eaten (g)	NaNO2 eaten (mg/kg)	Fate	First appearance clinical symptoms (min)	Time to death (min)
1	1.927	1	20.00	3.49	18.11	Alive	35	–
2	1.535	1	20.00	20.00	1302.93	Dead	32	35
3	1.567	1	20.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
4	1.676	1	20.00	5.99	35.73	Dead	43	72
5	1.754	1	20.00	0.50	2.85	Alive	–	–
6	1.766	1	20.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
7	2.026	1	20.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
8	1.343	1	20.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
9	1.577	1	20.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
10	1.843	1	20.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
11	1.932	1	20.00	17.10	88.50	Dead	23	114
12	1.732	1	20.00	20.00	1154.73	Dead	22	58
13	1.388	2	28.30	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
14	1.956	2	29.00	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
15	1.803	2	29.40	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
16	1.636	2	27.60	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
17	1.776	2	29.70	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
18	1.694	2	27.70	0.00	0.00	Alive	–	–
19	1.729	3	20.00	20.0	N/A	Alive	–	–
20	1.936	3	20.00	1.40	N/A	Alive	–	–
21	1.946	3	20.00	0.34	N/A	Alive	–	–
22	1.683	4	26.70	0.00	N/A	Alive	–	–
23	1.726	4	28.00	0.00	N/A	Alive	–	–
24	1.862	4	28.50	0.00	N/A	Alive	–	–

Table 4. Ducks free-fed with NaNO₂ paste (group 1) and pellet baits (group 2) and non-toxic paste (group 3) and pellet baits (group 4).

Bird	Sex	Weight (kg)	Group	Bait eaten (g)	NaNO2 eaten (mg/kg)	Fate	First appearance clinical symptoms (min)	Time to death (min)
1	M	1.296	1	1.3	99.3	Died	28	55
2	M	1.154	1	0	0	Alive	–	–
3	F	1.099	1	0	0	Alive	–	–
4	M	1.282	1	0.3	23.2	Alive	–	–
5	M	1.410	1	0	0	Alive	–	–
6	M	1.385	2	0	0	Alive	–	–
7	M	1.396	2	0	0	Alive	–	–
8	M	1.272	2	0	0	Alive	–	–
9	F	1.216	2	0	0	Alive	–	–
10	F	1.187	2	0	0	Alive	–	–
11	M	1.559	3	11.4	–	Alive	–	–
12	M	1.509	3	15.9	–	Alive	–	–
13	M	1.302	4	0	–	Alive	–	–
14	F	1.119	4	0	–	Alive	–	–

Table 5. Pigeons free-fed with NaNO₂ paste (group 1) and pellet baits (group 2) and non-toxic paste (group 3) and pellet baits (group 4).

Bird	Sex	Weight (kg)	Group	Bait eaten (g)	NaNO2 eaten (mg/kg)	Fate
1	M	0.351	1	0.00	0.00	Alive
2	F	0.313	1	0.00	0.00	Alive
3	M	0.317	1	0.18	56.78	Alive
4	M	0.344	1	0.29	84.30	Alive
5	M	0.377	1	0.21	55.70	Alive
6	F	0.296	1	0.00	0.00	Alive
7	M	0.364	2	0.00	0.00	Alive
8	F	0.281	2	0.00	0.00	Alive
9	F	0.299	2	0.00	0.00	Alive
10	M	0.312	2	0.00	0.00	Alive
11	M	0.337	2	0.00	0.00	Alive
12	M	0.339	2	0.00	0.00	Alive
13	F	0.272	3	1.50	0.00	Alive
14	F	0.288	3	2.33	0.00	Alive
15	M	0.354	3	1.25	0.00	Alive
16	F	0.294	4	0.26	0.00	Alive
17	M	0.311	4	0.46	0.00	Alive
18	M	0.301	4	0.15	0.00	Alive

Table 6. Budgerigars free-fed with NaNO₂ paste (group 1) and pellet baits (group 2) and non-toxic paste (group 3) and pellet baits (group 4).

Bird	Sex	Weight (kg)	Group	Bait fed (g)	Bait eaten (g)	NaNO2 eaten (mg/kg)	Fate
1	F	0.0463	1	48.23	0.00	0.00	Alive
2	M	0.0529	1	49.69	0.03	56.71	Alive
3	F	0.0655	1	48.66	0.00	0.00	Alive
4	F	0.0517	1	49.69	0.02	38.68	Alive
5	M	0.0554	1	49.96	0.03	54.15	Alive
6	M	0.0469	1	49.21	0.00	0.00	Alive
7	M	0.0445	2	49.37	0.00	0.00	Alive
8	F	0.0671	2	46.36	0.00	0.00	Alive
9	F	0.0438	2	49.20	0.00	0.00	Alive
10	F	0.0439	2	49.34	0.00	0.00	Alive
11	M	0.0405	2	43.06	0.00	0.00	Alive
12	F	0.0421	2	47.81	0.00	0.00	Alive
13	F	0.0395	3	49.37	0.18	0.00	Alive
14	M	0.0380	3	48.86	0.27	0.00	Alive
15	M	0.0363	4	44.38	0.00	0.00	Alive
16	F	0.0373	4	44.06	0.00	0.00	Alive

Table 7. Wētā free fed with NaNO₂ paste (group 1) and pellet baits (group 2) and non-toxic paste (group 3) and pellet baits (group 4).

Wētā	Group	Bait fed (g)	Bait remaining (g)	Weight change (g)	Fate
1	1	12.119	13.154	+1.035	Alive
2	1	12.203	13.102	+0.899	Alive
3	1	12.189	12.996	+0.807	Alive
4	1	12.220	12.792	+0.572	Alive
5	1	12.147	12.569	+0.422	Alive
6	1	12.382	12.806	+0.424	Alive
7	1	12.111	12.522	+0.411	Alive
8	2	13.014	15.874	+2.860	Alive
9	2	12.921	15.216	+2.295	Alive
10	2	13.204	14.358	+1.154	Alive
11	2	13.185	14.079	+0.894	Alive
12	2	12.944	14.072	+1.128	Alive
13	2	13.060	13.958	+0.898	Alive
14	2	12.742	13.827	+1.085	Alive
15	3	12.541	12.593	+0.052	Alive
16	4	11.248	11.475	+0.227	Alive

Table 8. Weight changes of NaNO₂ paste and pellet baits and non-toxic (NT) paste and pellet baits kept in cages without wētā for 14 days.

Bait	Bait type	Start weight (g)	End weight (g)	Change in weight (g)
1	Paste	12.492	13.214	+0.722
2	Paste	12.715	13.224	+0.509
3	Pellet	12.775	14.538	+1.763
4	Pellet	12.814	13.960	+1.146
5	NT paste	12.513	13.079	+0.566
6	NT paste	12.816	13.359	+0.543
7	NT pellet	10.419	11.544	+1.125
8	NT pellet	11.921	12.712	+0.791