A review of potential alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) impacts on native frogs in New Zealand

Figures & data

Figure 1. Male Italian alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris apuana, the subspecies introduced to New Zealand. Photograph: MPI photo taken by AH Whitaker.

Table 1. Habitats occupied by the alpine newt, Archey’s frog and Hochstetter’s frog. Black—major habitat; grey—other occupied habitat; white—absent, or occasionally present. Habitats for the alpine newt are primarily based on Ballasina (1984).

Table 2. Possible risks to Archey’s frog and Hochstetter’s frog from the alpine newt. Hatchlings are hatched larvae prior to metamorphosis, young frogs are those in their first three years following metamorphosis.

Potential agent	Development stage	Direct risk to Archey’s frog	Direct risk to Hochstetter’s frog	References
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid)	Eggs	?	No	Waldman et al. (2001)
	Hatchlings	Yes	No	Bell et al. (2004)
	Young frogs	Yes	No	Ohmer et al. (2013)
	Older frogs	Yes	No	Shaw et al. (2013)
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (chytrid)	Eggs	No	No	Martel et al. (2013)
	Hatchlings	No	No	Martel et al. (2014)
	Young frogs	No	No
	Older frogs	No	No
Ranaviral disease	Eggs	?	?	Daszak et al. (1999)
	Hatchlings	Potential	Potential	Price et al. (2014)
	Young frogs	Potential	Potential	North et al. (2015)
	Older frogs	Potential	Potential
Parasites	Eggs	?	?
	Hatchlings	Potential	Potential
	Young frogs	Potential	Potential
	Older frogs	Potential	Potential
Predation	Eggs	?	?	McEwan (2015)
	Hatchlings	Potential	Potential	Arntzen et al. (2009)
	Young frogs	Potential	Potential
	Older frogs	No	No
Competition	Eggs	No	No	McEwan (2015)
	Hatchlings	No	No	Arntzen et al. (2009)
	Young frogs	Potential	Potential
	Older frogs	?	?
Toxicity	Eggs	No	No	Wakely et al. (1966)
	Hatchlings	No	No	McEwan (2015)
	Young frogs	No?	No?
	Older frogs	?	?

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