Figures & data
Figure 1. A, Glycocalyx ‘jungle’ of a renal endothelial cell, with a large 500 nm glycocalyx reproduced from Dane et al. Citation2015 with permission. B, In contrast the red blood cell (RBC) glycocalyx is much smaller at only 15–20 nm (for comparative purposes a 15 nm high red bar has been placed adjacent the scale of image A). C, Several schematic space filling representative Kode Technology constructs (molecules c, a, d, e and b in order from left to right as shown in ) are superimposed onto an enlarged RBC glycocalyx image, with their lipid tails inserted into the membrane and their functional moieties within the glycocalyx. Glycocalyx electron microscopy images B & C are from Voet and Voet Citation2011, Biochemistry, Figure 12-40, adapted with permission of the publisher John Wiley & Sons and remains subject to the copyright conditions of the publisher. The original image was by courtesy of Harrison Latta, UCLA.
Figure 2. Examples of representative glycan Function-Spacer-Lipid constructs – A, natural blood group A glycosphingolipid, B, tetrasaccharide blood group A type 2 FSL construct with adipate (Ad) short spacer, C, tetrasaccharide blood group A type 2 FSL construct with long CMG2 spacer, D, ALeb pentasaccharide FSL with CMG2 spacer, E, FSL 6’SLN (sialo-trisaccharide), F, linear B antigen or Gal-alpha trisaccharide FSL, G, H, FSL hyaluronic acid oligomer (note the polymer repeating disaccharide D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine can be as many units as denoted by the square brackets, with (H) showing an example FSL HA20mer with 40 saccharides.
Figure 3. Schematic representation of different Kode function-spacer-lipid (FSL) construct presentations of functional heads. Upper image shows a generic Kode construct based on a carboxymethylglycine spacer linked to a DOPE lipid tail. The ‘building block toy figure’ representations beneath show a yellow head representative of a single type of functional head, the red body represents a spacer, and the grey legs represent a lipid tail. The 9 structures shown at the bottom of the figure are space-filling molecular models of the building block toy figures with each having the same tetrasaccharide blood group A functional head except model f which has an (8-mer) hyaluronic acid functional head. Variation representations shown are (a) short 1 nm adipate spacer, (b) CMG 7 nm spacer, (c) sterol lipid instead of DOPE, (d) clustered head, (e) trimeric CMG spacer, (f) linear repeating functional heads, (g) double CMG spacer and (h) functionalized CMG spacer where the spacer can undertake a secondary function, in this example, the fluorophore BODIPY is attached, (i) secondarily attached functional head, which is this case uses click coupling chemistry. Figure copyright of Kode Biotech and reproduced and adapted with permission.
Figure 4. Two basic chemistries of conjugation: thiol-to-maleimide coupling (top), and amidation of N-oxysuccinimide-activated carboxyl group with amine (bottom); S-L is spacer-lipid.
