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Acknowledgements
This article was prepared with insights from a number of individuals who agreed to be interviewed, in particular Mohammed Yusef, CEO, Invicta Capital; Hussein Dualeh, Somaliland Minister for Natural Resources and Energy; and Scott Pegg, Indiana University. The authors would like to thank them and others who provided comments.
Notes
Italian colonial relations with Ethiopia and Somalia alone provide rich evidence of this disregard for formalities, with UK–Somali colonial relations little better.
The United Nations Development Programme itself admitted this (UNDP Citation2011, p. 6).