Afterword: Labour, Insecurity and Violence in South Africa

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Notes

¹ See H. Wolpe, ‘Capitalism and Cheap Labour-Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid’, Economy and Society, 1, 4 (1972), pp. 425–56.

² See S. John and S. Gelb, The Crisis in South Africa (London, Zed Books, 1981).

³ See P. Bonner, ‘African Urbanisation on the Rand Between the 1930s and 1960s: Its Social Character and Political Consequences’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 21,1 (1995), pp. 115–29.

⁴ M. Bolt and D. Rajak, ‘Introduction: Labour, Insecurity and Violence in South Africa’, elsewhere in this issue.

⁵ See D. Donham, Violence in a Time of Liberation: Murder and Ethnicity at a South African Gold Mine, 1994, with photographs by Santu Mofokeng (Durham, Duke University Press, 2011); also see D. Rajak, In Good Company: An Anatomy of Corporate Social Responsibility (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2011).

⁶ Cf. M. Burawoy, Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Lab Process Under Monopoly Capitalism (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1979).

⁷ Bolt and Rajak, ‘Introduction’.

⁸ See J. Ferguson, Give a Man a Fish: Reflections on the New Politics of Distribution (Durham, Duke University Press, 2015).

⁹ See A-M. Makhulu, ‘A Brief History of the Social Wage: Welfare Before and After Racial Fordism’, South Atlantic Quarterly, 115, 1 (2016), pp. 113–25.

¹⁰ See K. Hart, ‘Informal Economy’, in K. Hart, J-L. Laville and A. Cattani (eds), The Human Economy: A Citizen’s Guide (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2010), p. 145; see also K. Hart, ‘Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 11, 1 (1973), pp. 61–89.

¹¹ A-M. Makhulu, ‘The Conditions for After Work: Financialization and Informalization in Posttransition South Africa’, PMLA, 127, 4 (2010), pp. 782–99; see also S. Ashman, B. Fine and S. Newman, ‘The Crisis in South Africa: Neoliberalism, Financialization and Uneven and Combined Development’, Socialist Register, 47 (2011), pp. 174–95.

¹² See OECD/AfDB, African Economic Outlook, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/48/38/1826412.pdf, retrieved 16 June 2016. After the 2008 financial crisis, the sector decreased its share of annual GDP. And by 2011, the National Treasury report ‘A Safer Financial Sector to Serve South Africa Better’ estimated that the financial sector, comprising banks and insurers as well as public and private pension funds, constituted only 10.5 per cent of annual gross domestic product. But as of 2016, that sector has once again expanded, Patrick Bond, personal communication, Johannesburg, 9 May 2016.

¹³ A-M. Makhulu, Making Freedom: Apartheid, Squatter Politics, and the Struggle for Home (Durham, Duke University Press, 2015).

¹⁴ See Statistics South Africa, ‘City of Cape Town’, available at http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality, retrieved 26 June 2016.

¹⁵ See City of Cape Town SDI and GIS, ‘2011 Census Suburb Khayelitsha’, available at https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/stats/2011CensusSuburbs/2011_Census_CT_Suburb_Khayelitsha_Profile.pdf, retrieved 26 June 2016.

¹⁶ See Statistics South Africa, ‘City of Cape Town’.

¹⁷ See E. LiPuma and B. Lee, Financial Derivatives and the Globalization of Risk (Durham, Duke University Press, 2004).

¹⁸ See, for example, D. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York, Oxford University Press, 2005).

¹⁹ See N. Dawes, ‘The Map is Not the Territory: The Financial Crisis is an Opportunity to Rethink South Africa’s Place in the World’, Mail and Guardian, Johannesburg, 13 December 2010–6 January 2011, p. 17.

²⁰ See M. Murray, City of Extremes: The Spatial Politics of Johannesburg (Durham, Duke University Press, 2011), pp. 149–50.

²¹ See A. Muehlebach, ‘On Affective Labour in Post-Fordist Italy’, Cultural Anthropology, 26, 1 (2011), pp. 59–82. Cf. M. Samson, ‘Accumulation by Dispossession and the Informal Economy: Struggles Over Knowledge, Waste and Being at a Soweto Garbage Dump’, Environment and Planning D, 33, 5 (2015), pp. 813–30.

²² K Marx, Capital, A Critique of Political Economy, Volume III, trans. David Fernbach (London, Penguin Classics, 1991), p. 597.

²³ K. Marx, Capital, A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I, trans. Ben Fowkes (London, Penguin Classics, 1990), p. 257.

²⁴ In the ‘General Formula for Capital’, M-C-M’ represents the circuit of production through which money – M – invested in the production process produces a commodity – C – which is then exchanged enabling the making of surplus value, namely money prime, or M’. With the dissolution of labour-intensive industrial production and the transition to financial speculation, C disappears and the formula is rewritten as M-M’. Money takes on the appearance of something with the capacity to produce more of itself.

²⁵ See P. Bond, ‘Debt, Uneven Development and Capitalist Crisis in South Africa: From Moody’s Macroeconomic Monitoring to Marikana Microfinance Mashonisas’, Third World Quarterly, 34, 4 (2013), pp. 569–92.

²⁶ NASDAQ, the first electronic exchange where investors can buy and sell stock, is both an exchange and an index, made up of approximately 4,000 stocks.

²⁷ Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 159–60.

²⁸ D. Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction: The Analytic Foundations of Historical Materialism (Oxford, Basil Blackwell Publishers, 1987).

²⁹ See M. Lazzarato, The Making of the Indebted Man (Amsterdam, Semiotext(e), 2011).

³⁰ See ‘The Treasury and SARB are Failing to Manage Our Economy to Promote Growth and Development – We Need Much Lower Interest Rates and Tighter Exchange Controls!’ NUMSA Media Release, 1 November 2010.

³¹ Ibid., p. 2.

³² See T. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2014).

³³ See H. White, ‘A Post-Fordist Ethnicity: Insecurity, Authority, and Identity in South Africa’, Anthropological Quarterly, 85, 2 (2012), pp. 399–400.