Exploring food sovereignty among Amazonian peoples: Brazil's national school feeding programme in Oriximiná, Pará state

Figures & data

Figure 1. Locations of the five communities sampled, territories and conservation units, and domesticated landscapes in Oriximiná municipality, Brazilian Amazonia.

Table 1. Overview of the land tenure, environment, and food provisioning systems of five groups.

Community	Turini Tunayana Indigenous community	Aracuan do Meio Quilombola community	BoaNova & Saracá Ribeirinho communities	São Luís Varjeiro community	Settlers’ Vila Barreto community
Land tenure	Indigenous Land (TI)	Quilombola land (TQ)	Agroextractivist Settlement project (PAE) and Saracá-Taquera national forest (FLONA)	Agroextractivist Settlement project (PAE)	Private property
Environment	Terra firme, beside the river	Terra firme, beside the river	Terra firme, beside the river	Floodplain	Terra firme in the interfluve
Soils cultivated	Dark earths	Dark earths, Oxisols and Ultisols	Dark earths, Oxisols and Ultisols	Floodplain and raised beds	Oxisols and Ultisols
Food production activities	Agriculture, fishing, hunting and fruit extraction; produce flour, all year round, for consumption and sale	Agriculture, hunting, fishing and fruit extraction, with an emphasis on Brazil nuts; produce flour for consumption and sale	Agriculture, hunting, fishing and fruit extraction; produce flour for consumption and sale	Growing vegetables in flower beds for consumption and sale, and garden products, for consumption, in floodplain, fishing	Agriculture; produce flour, all year round, for consumption and sale
Products extracted from the forest	Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), honey, vine (diversos), pitch (Protium heptaphyllum), bark (diversas), copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), seeds (handicraft)	Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), vine (diversos), pitch (Protium heptaphyllum), bark (diversas), honey, copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), açaí (Euterpe oleracea), uxi (Endopleura uchi), pequiá (Caryocar brasiliense), straw (diversas), cumarú (Dipteryx odorata)	Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), honey, vine (diversos), pitch (Protium heptaphyllum), seeds, uxi (Endopleura uchi), pequiá (Caryocar brasiliense), patauá (Oenocarpus bataua), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), açaí (Euterpe oleracea), bark (diversas), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), wood, andiroba (Carapa guianensis), straw (diversas), cumarú (Dipteryx odorata)	Bacuri (Platonia insignis), jenipapo (Genipa americana), honey	Vine (diversos), bark (diversas), copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii), cumarú (Dipteryx odorata)
Food items purchased in the city	Coffee, sugar, biscuits, milk, rice and pasta	Meat, rice, pasta and beans	Meat, rice, beans, pasta, milk, sugar and coffee	Meat, rice, beans, pasta, flour, preserves, coffee and biscuits	Meat, rice, beans, pasta, coffee, sugar and egg
Most food produced in their territories	Cassava (Manihot esculenta), banana (Musa spp.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), pineapple (Ananas comosus), yam (Dioscorea), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), pumpkin (Cucurbita), pepper (Capsicum), mango (Mangifera indica), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)	Cassava (Manihot esculenta), banana (Musa spp.), yam (Dioscorea), corn (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), pumpkin (Cucurbita), orange (Citrus X sinensis), pineapple (Ananas comosus), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)	Cassava (Manihot esculenta), cassava, pumpkin (Cucurbita), pineapple (Ananas comosus), banana (Musa spp.), corn (Zea mays), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), orange (Citrus X sinensis), tangerine (Citrus reticulata)	Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), kale (Brassica oleracea), gherkin (Cucumis anguria), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum), chicory (Cichorium intybus), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), jambú (Acmella oleracea)	Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), bananas (Musa spp.), yam (Dioscorea), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cassava, sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), corn (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), pumpkin (Cucurbita), among others
PNAE?	The distance and difficult access to reach the city (a trip that can last up to three days) crossing waterfalls, a car ride at Km 60 (road that leads to the quilombola community Cachoeira Porteira, upper river Trombetas) means that the PNAE and PAA had not reached the Tunayana, but they were interested in participating.	Of the quilombolas interviewed, approximately 22% access the PNAE (through the support of the NGO Imaflora), selling their agricultural products directly to schools in the municipality.	None of the ribeirinho respondents participated in the public notices for school lunches due to lack of information and advice. According to local residents, although Emater has already visited their communities, publicising family farming incentive programmes (PNAE/PAA), the group's effective participation has not been materialised.	Of the producers interviewed, 57% access the PNAE (with advice from Emater), selling their agricultural products directly to schools in the municipality.	The settlers from Vila Barreto participate weekly in the ‘Family Farmer's Fair’ that takes place every Wednesday next to the Padre Nicolino school, in downtown Oriximiná, and 71% of those interviewed participated in the PNAE.

Table 2. Agricultural Production for the 2019 PNAE by five social groups in Oriximiná.

Agricultural items sold to the city of Oriximiná by the five groups under the PNAE public call of 2019
Social group (number of participants)	Indigenous (03)	Quilombolas (14)	Ribeirinhos (03)	Varjeiros (06)	Settlers (07)
Regional pumpkin (Cucurbita)			300 kg	1260 kg
Plantain (Musa spp.)		870 kg	300 kg		800 kg
Banana (Musa spp.)	1370 kg	6920 kg	1345 kg		6000 kg
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) bread (beiju)		835 500 g packets	1090 500 g packets		1170 500 g packets
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)			155 kg	720 kg
Cabbage			125 kg	605 kg
Manioc (Manihot esculenta) flour	465 kg	2014kg	302 kg		1063 kg
Tapioca flour	272 kg	972 kg	172 kg		602 kg
Pumpkin (Cucurbita)		539 kg	330 kg	985 kg	492 kg
Sweet manioc (Manihot esculenta) tuber	179 kg	513 kg
Papaya (Carica papaya)			366 kg		650 kg
Gherkin (Cucumis anguria)			190 kg	1105 kg	718 kg
Bread with Brazil-nuts (Bertholletia excelsa)		6600 50 g packets