Advanced methods for activated carbon from agriculture wastes; a comprehensive review

ABSTRACT

The rapid increase in various industries and the subsequent contamination of water bodies by heavy metals caused water stress circumstances globally. The adsorption is among the effective methods which is used for removing heavy metals from the water bodies. Moreover, the adsorption treatment of wastewater by activated carbon (AC) from bio-waste is getting recognition among researchers due to cost-effective. Therefore the current paper aimed to review the adsorption by activated carbon from agro waste, preparation method of AC and adsorption mechanism. The factors affecting the adsorption, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption were also reviewed. It is appeared from the reviewed papers that the AC from agro waste exhibited high efficiency in removing heavy metals from different wastewater. Moreover, the metal-adsorbed adsorbent desorption through dilute acids are HCl, HNO₃, NaOH, KOH, H₂SO₄, NaNO₃, EDTA and Na-citrate. Therefore, the suitable eluting chemicals to the adsorbent and adsorbate must be selected in order to enable maximum recovering percentage.

KEYWORDS:

• Adsorbent
• chemical activation
• impregnation
• factors
• isotherms
• kinetic models

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge PhD thesis of Zalilah Murni Mat Ali@Yunus (Acid Impregnated honeydew rind activated carbon for chromium and zinc removal) which the manuscript is derived from the thesis. The authors also acknowledge the Tables 1, 2 and 5 and confirm that they no third-party material in the manuscript. The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for supporting this research under FRGS K181 (Decolourization and Micro-pollutant Removal in Textile Wastewater Using Banana Peel Activated Carbon for River Protection).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.