https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-8755
![Sample our Physical Sciences journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/110819/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Physical-Sciences.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Determining trace chromium in complex samples usually requires a sample preparation technique to isolate and extract the analytes from matrices and enrich them for trace analysis. Several methods have been reported for chromium extraction; among them are membrane-based microextraction techniques due to their unique features, such as high level of clean-up, high enrichment factors, facile automation, and compliance with green chemistry principles. In the current review, the latest developments in hollow fibre membrane liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), electromembrane extraction (EME), gel electromembrane microextraction (G-EME) systems for the detection of chromium in environmental samples are summarised. Furthermore, the fabrications of selected systems are briefly described and discussed. Finally, the systems’ performance regarding their precision and accuracy, detection limits, and advantages and disadvantages are critically reviewed and evaluated.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the Second Century Fund (C2F) and by the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University.
Credit author statement
Ali Sahragard: Formal analysis, Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing - Original Draft. Writing - Review & Editing.
Waleed Alahmad: Formal analysis, Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing - Original Draft. Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision.
Pakorn Varanusupakul: Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, Resources, Project administration.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.