Surfactant assisted magnetic dispersive micro solid phase extraction-HPLC as a straightforward and green procedure for preconcentrating and determining Caffeine, Lidocaine, and Chlorpromazine in biological and water samples

ABSTRACT

Magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction as a proper and selective sample preparation was developed to extract and clean up three drugs, including Caffeine (CAF), Lidocaine (LID), and Chlorpromazine (CPZ), before determining by HPLC-DAD. Nickel-doped BiFeO₃ was synthesised using the sol–gel method as a magnetic sorbent core and coated with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to enhance the sorbent stability and the sorbent selectivity. In the extraction procedure, the sorbent was dispersed into acetonitrile as disperser solvent and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a disperser agent before injecting into the sample solution to extract the analytes. Several influential factors in the method were evaluated using an experimental design strategy. Under the optimum conditions, the method displayed wide linearity in the concentration ranges of 20.8–365, 1.4–389, and 2.7–355 ng mL⁻¹ to determine CAF, LID, and CPZ with a suitable R² between 0.9963 and 0.9971, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were in the ranges of 3.5–3.8 and 3.9–4.3%. LODs and LOQs for the determination of CAF, LID, and CPZ were lower than 6.3 and 20.8 ng mL⁻¹. The method is convenient for determining the analytes in real water and biological samples with RSD (n = 3) and recovery in the ranges of 3.0–4.3% and 87.5–96.9%, respectively.

KEYWORDS:

• Caffeine
• Lidocaine
• Chlorpromazine
• dispersive micro solid phase extraction
• biological samples

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Dr. Amir Ismailzadeh from the Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, for her scientific support.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Compliance with ethical standards

The study has been carried out under the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

The human urine samples were collected from voluntary donors with their informed consent.

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Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.