Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction as a green procedure for extracting prostate anti-cancer drugs in real water and biological samples and optimization of sorbent composite with an optimal mixture design

ABSTRACT

A straightforward and efficient dispersive micro solid-phase extraction was developed for extracting bicalutamide and flutamide as anti-cancers in real water and biological samples. A proper sorbent composite, including a metal-organic framework (CIM-80 (Al)), magnetic Nickel oxide nanoparticles, and Chitosan, was prepared. The ratio of the sorbent components was optimised using an optimal mixture design to increase the efficiency of the synthesised sorbent in the extraction of analytes. The optimum value of CIM-80 (Al), magnetic Nickel oxide nanoparticles, and Chitosan in the sorbent composition was 0.36, 0.22, and 0.42. The sorbent was characterised using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, VSM, and BET analysis. Factors affecting the microextraction process were evaluated and optimised using a fractional factorial design and a central composite design. Under optimum conditions, the procedure was linear in the concentration range of 1.2–356.4 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.89–348.7 ng mL⁻¹ with a coefficient of determination of 0.9951 and 0.9947 for the determination of bicalutamide and flutamide, respectively. The detection limits and inter-day RSDs % for the bicalutamide and flutamide determination were lower than 0.35 ng mL⁻¹ and 6.21%, respectively. Analysis of real water, drug-free urine, drug-free plasma, and post-drug urine samples indicated that the method has a high ability to analyse water and biological samples for the bicalutamide and flutamide determination. The method’s effects on the environment for the bicalutamide and flutamide determination were evaluated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index and Analytical Eco-Scale.

KEYWORDS:

• Bicalutamide
• flutamide
• dispersive micro solid-phase extraction
• urine samples
• green analytical procedure index
• analytical eco-scale

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge this research’s support by the Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Razi Research Center, Khorasan Razavi Education, Mashhad, Iran; Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; and Sechenov University of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

Compliance with ethical standards

The study has been carried out under the institutional and/or national research committee’s ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable Ethical standards.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Parisa Mohammadi: Writing e original draft, Investigation, Resources.

Mahdi Ghorbani: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing e review & editing.

Majid Keshavarzi: Writing e original draft, Validation.

Ayoob Rastegar: Resources, Data curation.

Maryam Pakseresht: Investigation, Resources.

Morteza Mohammadi: Visualization.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).