758
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Section: Sino-Iranian Relations From Tentative Diplomacy to Strategic Partnership

China–Iran Relations from the Perspective of Tehran’s Look East Approach

Pages 51-67 | Published online: 17 Feb 2022
 

Abstract

In recent years the Iranian government has emphasised its Look East approach. As a diplomatic choice, the Look East approach has also aroused different understandings among Iranian scholars and in this context, China has received more attention from Iran. For different reasons, many countries have tracked and observed Iran's Look East approach and China-Iran relations. At present, there are many negative perceptions about the Look East approach and Sino-Iranian relations in Iran and the international community. So far, China has made very few official comments on Iran's Look East approach, and this is essentially the case with Chinese scholars and media. China is very concerned about whether Iran's Look East approach is an act of political expediency or a strategy. Some of Iran's actions in the past few years have partially proved the necessity for China to be so suspicious. Although there are some negative views of China in Iran, Beijing should still pay more attention to deepening relations with Tehran. Even if Iran's Look East approach is not a long-term strategy, it is no longer just an expedient measure to deal with Western sanctions. China must be an important goal of Iran's multilateral diplomacy. China and Iran, which need each other, urgently need to increase political mutual trust.

Acknowledgements

I thank Mr. Ben Houghton very much for his indispensable help with this article.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 ‘Imam Khamenei: Only those who believe in the people and youth and who pursue justice should hold executive power’. [Iran] Official Website of Iranian leader Khamenei, May 15, 2021. https://english.khamenei.ir/news/8493/Imam-Khamenei-Only-those-who-believe-in-the-people-and-youth (accessed 3 June 2021).

2 Fan Hongda, ‘Observation of Iran's Development from the Perspective of Islamic Revolution’. [China] Comparative Politics Studies, No. 18 (2020): 168–182.

3 See Jalal Dehghani Firouzabadi, Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Position Organization, 2013.

4 Fariborz Arghavani Pirsalami, ‘Iran-China relations under Ahmadinejad: the look to east policy and structural’. [Iran] Studies of International Relations Journal (Political Science and International Relations Journal) Vol 8. Issue 32 (2016): 9–41.

5 ‘Preference of East over West is a priority for Iran: Ayatollah Khamenei’. [Iran] Official Website of Iranian leader Khamenei, February 18, 2018, https://english.khamenei.ir/news/5481/Preference-of-East-over-West-is-a-priority-for-Iran-Ayatollah (accessed 3 June 2021).

6 ‘Six reasons to prefer East to West’. [Iran] Official Website of Iranian leader Khamenei, February 18, 2018 (1396/11/30), https://farsi.khamenei.ir/others-note?id=38981(accessed 1 June 2021).

7 ‘Velayati and answer 10 key questions about looking to the East’. [Iran] Tasnimnews, September 15, 2018, https://tn.ai/1830062 (accessed 3 June 2021).

8 ‘No room for indifference in an economic war: Imam Khamenei’. [Iran] Official Website of Iranian leader Khamenei, October 17, 2018, https://english.khamenei.ir/news/6032/No-room-for-indifference-in-an-economic-war-Imam-Khamenei(accessed 27 May 2021).

9 ‘Details of Imam Khamenei's strategic letter to Russia’s President’. [Iran] Official Website of Iranian leader Khamenei, February 15, 2021, https://english.khamenei.ir/news/8362/Details-of-Imam-Khamenei-s-strategic-letter-to-Russia-s-President (accessed 28 May 2021).

10 Adami Ali, ‘The strategy toward east in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: viewpoints, settings and opportunities’. [Iran] Journal of Political Studies Vol 2. Issue 7 (2010): 97–126.

11 ‘Look to the east’. [Iran] The Age of Thought, No. 18 (2018): 2–46.

12 Rahim Bayazidi, ‘Change in Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategic Priorities to Achieve Development in the New Decade’. The Strategic Research Institute of the Expediency Council, April 23, 2021, https://csr.ir/0000M2 (accessed 29 May 2021).

13 Fariborz Arghavani Pirsalami, ‘Iran-China relations under Ahmadinejad: the look to east policy and structural’. [Iran] Studies of International Relations Journal (Political Science and International Relations Journal) Vol 8. Issue 32 (2016): 9–41.

14 Sadeghi Seyed Shamseddin and Lotfi Kamran, ‘Iran’s look east policy: analyzing the possibility of establishment of strategic economic alliance between the Islamic Republic of Iran and China (1989-2013)’. [Iran] Economic Strategy, Vol 3. Issue 12 (2014): 89–127; Sadeghi Seyed Shamseddin and Lotfi Kamran, ‘An analysis of strategic coalition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and China (1989-2015)’. [Iran] Foreign Relations Vol 7. Issue 2 (2015): 37–70.

15 Ekhtiari Amiri Reza and Salehi Khannar Mahboobeh, ‘Political-Economic Outcomes of Development of Iran-China Relations in the Framework of Look to East Policy (2005-2013)’. [Iran] Journal of Political Studies Vol 10. Issue 40 (2018): 63–102.

16 Milad Torabifard, ‘The policy of turning east from the perspective of opportunities and threats’. The Strategic Research Institute of the Expediency Council, July 18, 2020, https://csr.ir/0000GL (accessed 29 May 2021).

17 ‘Ahmadinejad opposes Iran-China 25-year agreement’. [Iran] Hamshahri, June 29, 2020, https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/526488/اعتراض-تند-احمدی-نژاد-به-قرارداد-۲۵-ساله-ایران-و-چین (accessed 29 May 2021).

18 “The Balance in International Relations”, [Iran] Islamic Republic News Website, August 3, 2021, http://jepress.ir/?newsid=262313. (accessed 7 August 2021).

19 ‘Iran’s eastern shift shows patience running out with the West’. [France] AFP, Febuary 26, 2018, https://www.france24.com/en/20180226-irans-eastern-shift-shows-patience-running-out-with-west (accessed 29 May 2021).

20 Annalisa Perteghella, Iran Looking East: An Alternative to the EU? Milano: Ledizioni LediPublishing, 2019.

21 Mahsa Rouhi and Clement Therme, ‘Could Iran's eastern ambitions pave the way for future prosperity?’. [British] The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), March 28, 2019, https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2019/03/iran-look-east (accessed 26 May 2021).

22 Giorgio Cafiero and Shehab Al Makahleh, ‘Iran’s Look to the East’. [Turkey] The Center for Iranian Studies (IRAM), July 29, 2019, https://iramcenter.org/en/irans-look-to-the-east/?send_cookie_permissions=OK (accessed 26 May 2021).

23 Lauren Dickey and Helia Ighani, ‘Iran Looks East, China Pivots West’. [US] The Diplomat, August 25, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/iran-looks-east-china-pivots-west/ (accessed 25 May 2021).

24 Alex Vatanka, ‘The East Fails Iran’. [US] Foreign Policy, June 24, 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/24/iran-united-states-sanctions-economic-crisis-china-india-japan-south-korea/ (accessed 25 May 2021).

25 See Ariane Tabatabai and Dina Esfandiary, Triple-Axis, Iran’s Relations with Russia and China, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2018.

26 Micha’el Tanchum, ‘Amid sanctions, Iran looks east’. [Australia] East Asia Forum, November 22, 2018, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/11/22/amid-sanctions-iran-looks-east/ (accessed 25 May 2021).

27 Abhijit Singh, ‘The maritime implications of growing China-Iran strategic ties’. [India] Observer Research Foundation (ORF), July 30, 2020, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-maritime-implications-of-growing-china-iran-strategic-ties/ (accessed 25 May 2021).

28 Yogesh Gupta, ‘Iran’s look east policy may force US rethink’. [India] The Tribune, January 2, 2021, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/irans-look-east-policy-may-force-us-rethink-192443 (accessed 1 June 2021).

29 Alam Saleh and Zakieh Yazdanshenas, ‘Iran’s Pact With China Is Bad News for the West’. Foreign Policy, August 9, 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/09/irans-pact-with-china-is-bad-news-for-the-west/ (accessed 25 May 2021).

30 Dina Esfandiary, “Iran’s ‘New’ Partnership with China Is Just Business as Usual”. [US] World Politics Review, April 22, 2021, https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29593/the-iran-china-deal-isn-t-all-that (accessed 26 May 2021).

31 Simon Watkins, ‘China and Iran flesh out strategic partnership’. [British] Petroleum Economist, September 3, 2019, https://pemedianetwork.com/petroleum-economist/articles/geopolitics/2019/china-and-iran-flesh-out-strategic-partnership (accessed 26 May 2021).

32 ‘Iran's government supports and angry critics: What has been leaked from the 25-year-old Iran-China deal?’. [British] BBC News, July 8, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-53334115 (accessed 26 May 2021).

33 Reza Parchizadeh, ‘Iran’s ‘Look to the East’ — and Dark Ties with China and Russia — Precludes Any Deal with the West’. [US] The Algemeiner, April 14, 2021, https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/04/14/irans-look-to-the-east-and-dark-ties-with-china-and-russia-precludes-any-deal-with-the-west/ (accessed 26 May 2021).

34 Jiang Zhen and Wang Guobing, ‘Iran’s ‘Look East’ Strategy and the Construction of ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’’, [China] The Middle East Issue Studies Issue 1 (2017): 136–147.

35 ‘Strategic China agreement major element for power generation: Parliament speaker’. [Iran] PressTv, March 28, 2021, https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2021/03/28/648235/Qalibaf-Parliament-speaker-Iran-china-strategic-partnership-agreement-power-production (accessed 26 May 2021).

36 ‘Iran, China must join hands to counter US cold war, coalition building: Rouhani’. [Iran] PressTv, 24 May 2021, https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2021/05/24/657393/Iran-Rouhani-Cold-War-China (accessed 26 May 2021).

37 Fan Hongda, ‘U.S. Trump Administraion’s Maximum Pressure on Iran: Connotations, Reasons and Influences’. [China] West Asia and Africa, No. 5 (2019): 3–21.

38 Fan Hongda, ‘China is an ideal partner for Iran’s pluralistic diplomacy’. [Iran]Tehran Times, March 26, 2021, https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/459257/China-is-an-ideal-partner-for-Iran-s-pluralistic-diplomacy (accessed 6 June 2021).

39 Fan Hongda, ‘Sino-Iranian relations based on the comparison of national development and social mind’. [China] West Asia and Africa, No. 4 (2020): 144–160.

40 Fan Hongda, ‘China-Iran deal will benefit China, Iran and Middle Eastern countries in the long run’. [Singapore] ThinkChina, April 20, 2021. https://www.thinkchina.sg/chinese-academic-china-iran-deal-will-benefit-china-iran-and-middle-eastern-countries-long-run (accessed 26 May 2021).

41 In an article, Jacopo Scita listed five driving factors for China's development of relations with Iran. See Jacopo Scita, ‘Iran and China:old friends in search of a sustained partnership’, in Annalisa Perteghella (Eds.), Iran Looking East: An Alternative to the EU? Milano: Ledizioni LediPublishing, 2019, pp. 41–62.

42 Fan Hongda, ‘A study of Iran’s Main Ethnic and National Characteristics from the Perspective of Historical Rise and Decline’. [China] West Asia and Africa, No. 1(2018): 110–134.

43 ‘Ayatollah Raisi at the swearing-in ceremony: Iran’s power in the region security-building/ Regional crises must be resolved through real intra-regional dialogue/ I extend my hand of friendship, brotherhood to all regional states, especially neighbours/ Successful foreign policy to be a balanced foreign policy’, [Iran] Official Website of Iranian President, August 5, 2021, https://president.ir/en/130300 (accessed 7 August 2021).

44 ‘Xi calls for steady development of China-Iran partnership’, [China], Xinhua, August 18, 2021, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-08/18/c1310135106.htm (accessed 20 August 2021).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Hongda Fan

Hongda Fan is a professor at the Middle East Studies Institute of Shanghai International Studies University, China. His research mainly focuses on Middle East politics and Chinese diplomacy. Since 2010 he has been doing in-depth fieldwork in Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. He spent one year as a visiting professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel and one year as a teacher at Isfahan University in Iran. He has published four books on the Middle East, including Iran and United States, from Friend to Enemy and A Chinese Thinker Walking in the Middle East. Email: [email protected]

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 296.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.