Unlocking the black box of HPWPs-performance relationship in Vietnamese higher education context: the case of Ho Chi Minh City’s universities

Figures & data

Table 1. Higher education in Vietnam.

	2017	2018	2019	2020
Number of higher education institutions	235	236	237	237
Public higher education institutions	170	171	172	172
Non-public higher education institutions	65	65	65	65
Number of undergraduate students	1,767,879	1,707,025	1,526,111	1,672,881
Number of graduate students	119,388	121,253	108,134	105,974
Number of staff	80,445	84,071	83,587	85,091
Management staff	811	769	727	848
Administrative staff	6,842	8,311	9,548	11,111
Academic staff	72,792	74,991	73,312	73,132

Source: Synthesized from Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo (2021).

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Table 2. Sample characteristics.

Vietnamese university academic staff	394
Male	187	47.50%
Female	207	52.50%
Bachelor	36	9.10%
Master’s degrees or equivalent	301	76.40%
Doctoral degrees or equivalent	57	14.50%
Teaching Assistant	3	0.80%
Lecturers	372	94.40%
Senior lecturers	17	4.30%
Associate professors	2	0.50%
Professors	0	0%
Average age	35.19 years	24–60 years
Average university tenure	7.39 years	0.25–31 years
Average job tenure	5.72 years	0.17–31 years
Average dyadic tenure	3.46 years	0.08–22 years

Table 3. Intercorrelations, reliability, and validity.

Variable	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Selection	0.86	0.66	0.81
2. Training and development	0.83	0.55	0.56***	0.74
3. Job security	0.72	0.57	0.42***	0.51***	0.75
4. Promotion	0.84	0.57	0.66***	0.66***	0.52***	0.75
5. Performance-related pay	0.84	0.56	0.59***	0.55***	0.47***	0.66***	0.75
6. Autonomy	0.85	0.58	0.34***	0.44***	0.48***	0.39***	0.45***	0.76
7. Communication	0.79	0.56	0.55***	0.39***	0.37***	0.57***	0.43***	0.38***	0.75
8. Climate for engagement	0.87	0.64	0.56***	0.51***	0.40***	0.58***	0.47***	0.28***	0.47***	0.80
9. Job engagement	0.90	0.75	0.51***	0.44***	0.37***	0.46***	0.41***	0.32***	0.53***	0.60***	0.87
10. Task performance	0.86	0.52	0.09*	−0.06	−0.06	0.07	−0.03	0.06	0.18***	0.05	0.08	0.72
11. OCBI	0.81	0.58	0.09*	0.07	−0.05	0.11**	−0.02	0.04	0.17***	0.02	0.03	0.58***	0.76
12. OCBO	0.69	0.53	0.04	−0.09*	−0.06	0.01	−0.04	−0.02	0.14**	0.11*	0.16***	0.56***	0.42***	0.73

Notes: n = 394 Vietnamese university academic staff; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, two tailed. The square roots of average variance extracted are the first entries of the diagonal. The latent construct intercorrelations are the sub-entries of the diagonal.

Table 4. Direct relationships: HPW-practices, job engagement, task performance, and OCB.

Relationship	Unstandardized parameter estimate	Standard error	Two-tailed p-value
Dependent variable: Job engagement
Age	0.00	0.00	ns
Gender (Female = 1)	−0.05	0.03	p < 0.1
Education (Master degree = 1)	−0.03	0.05	ns
Education (Doctoral degree = 1)	−0.06	0.07	ns
Job tenure	−0.02	0.01	p < 0.01
Organizational tenure	0.01	0.01	ns
Dyadic tenure	0.01	0.01	ns
H1a. Ability	0.17	0.03	p < 0.01
H1b. Motivation	0.00	0.03	ns
H1c. Opportunity	0.11	0.02	p < 0.01
Dependent variable: Task performance
H3a. Job engagement	0.12	0.06	p < 0.1
Dependent variable: OCB
H3b. Job engagement	0.28	0.11	p < 0.01

Notes: n = 394 Vietnamese university academic staff; ns = not significant.

Table 5. Indirect relationships: HPW-practices, climate for engagement, and job engagement.

Relationship	Unstandardized parameter estimate				90% Confidence interval
	path a	path b	path c'	Indirect effect	Lower 5%	Upper 5%
H2a. AEPs → CFE → JE path a: AEPs → CFE path b: CFE → JE path c': AEPs → JE	0.24*** (0.05)	0.54** (0.23)	0.13 (0.10)	0.13** (0.06)	0.02	0.23^†
H2b. MEPs → CFE → JE path a: MEPs → CFE path b: CFE → JE path c’: MEPs → JE	0.17*** (0.03)	0.53** (0.25)	0.09 (0.07)	0.09* (0.05)	0.01	0.17^†
H2c. OEPs → CFE → JE path a: OEPs → CFE path b: CFE → JE path c’: OEPs → JE	0.60*** (0.18)	0.49 (1.31)	0.21 (1.02)	0.3 (0.81)	−1.29	1.88

Notes: AEPs = Ability-enhancing practices; MEPs = Motivation-enhancing practices, OEPs = Opportunity-enhancing practices; CFE = Climate for engagement; JE = Job engagement; level 1, n = 394 Vietnamese university academic staff; level 2, n = 125 schools; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, two tailed. Values in parentheses are standard errors.

Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo. 2021. “Thống kê Giáo dục Đại học” (Higher Education Statistics). Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo. Accessed Jan. 28, 2022. https://moet.gov.vn/thong-ke/Pages/thong-ko-giao-duc-dai-hoc.aspx.

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