Virulence genes, antibiotic resistance and integrons in Escherichia coli strains isolated from synanthropic birds from Spain

Figures & data

Table 1. Detection of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance according to the species and the origin of the strain.

	Urban species		Rural species
	Hybrid duck	Feral pigeon	Feral pigeon	House sparrow	Spotless starlings	All species
n	42	33	50	27	12	164
eaeA	0	2 (6.0%)	2 (4.0%)	1 (3.7%)	3 (25%)	8 (4.9%)
stx-1^a	0	0	0	0	0	0
stx-2^a	0	0	0	0	0	0
bfp^a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Resistant strains (%)	47.6	33.3	26.0	14.8	50.0	32.9
AMC (%)	0.0	0.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.6
AMP (%)	16.7	21.2	20.0	3.7	33.3	19.5
TIC (%)	16.7	21.2	8.0	3.7	16.7	15.2
TIM (%)	0.0	3.0	8.0	0.0	8.3	2.4
KF (%)	0.0	0.0	8.0	3.7	33.3	5.5
FOX (%)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6
EFT (%)	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.7	0.0	0.6
CN (%)	0.0	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6
AK (%)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
K (%)	7.1	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.7
NA (%)	0.0	6.1	4.0	0.0	0.0	1.8
CIP (%)	0.0	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6
TET (%)	21.4	24.2	20.0	3.7	33.3	21.3
C (%)	2.4	15.2	0.0	0.0	8.3	4.9
RL (%)	16.7	21.2	28.0	7.4	25.0	18.9
STX (%)	16.7	12.1	12.0	3.7	25.0	14.0

AMC, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; TIC, ticarcillin; TIM, ticarcillin–clavulanic acid; KF, cephalothin; FOX, cefoxitin; EFT, ceftiofur; CN, gentamicin; AK, amikacin; K, kanamycin; NA, nalidixic acid; CIP, ciprofloxacin; TET, tetracycline; C, chloramphenicol; RL, sulfamethoxazole; STX, trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole.

^a Only analysed in eaeA-positive strains.

Table 2. Integrons found in relation to species and the observed resistance phenotype.

Species	Resistance phenotypes	Integron	Gene cassette
Spotless starling	AMP, TET, TIC, STR, RL, STX	Class 1	dfrA1, aadA1
Urban feral pigeon	AMP, TET, TIC, STR, RL, STX, TIM	Class 1	dfrA1, aadA1
Urban feral pigeon	AMP, TET, TIC,STR, RL, STX	Class 1	dfrA7
Urban feral pigeon	AMP, TET, TIC, STR, RL, STX, C, CN, NA, CIP	Class 1	dfrA17, aadA5
Rural feral pigeon	AMP, TET, TIC, STR, RL, STX	Class 1	dfrA12, aadA2

AMP, ampicillin; TET, tetracycline; TIC, ticarcillin; STR, streptomycin; RL, sulfamethoxazole; STX, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole; TIM, trimethoprim; C, chloramphenicol; CN, gentamicin; NA, nalidixic acid; CIP, ciprofloxacin.